The need for smaller and more affordable cars is evident these days. Consumers struggle with the high cast of new models while regulators grapple with realistic ways to mitigate carbon emissions that can impact climate change. A massive influx of zero-emission electric cars has been a popular notion for achieving carbon reduction goals in recent times. But this singular strategy has been fraught with challenges by slowing electric vehicle sales and persistently high EV prices. New thinking is needed.
Along with hybrids and plug-in hybrids, smaller and lighter vehicles that achieve high fuel efficiency and thus lower carbon emissions are important. These present a natural complement to electrified vehicles and present another component in crafting an achievable national transportation strategy. Unfortunately, most automakers have abandoned their smallest and most affordable car models in recent times and focused on larger ones delivering greater profits. Now, to the surprise of many, the U.S. Department of Transportation has been directed to explore regulations that would support production of today's smallest class of highway-legal models – Japanese-style kei cars – for use on American roads.
Kei cars, a popular and affordable class of exceptionally small vehicles in Asia, do not meet U.S. safety standards and new models cannot be imported here. Whether kei cars can be reengineered to meet U.S. safety rules while remaining affordable is an open question. Also unknown is if drivers will embrace such small cars here given American consumers’ penchant for larger and heavier vehicles. But it sure is an intriguing thought.
Looking back for perspective, in 2009 Green Car Journal editors noted that things were changing in the automotive market. Buying trends were shifting as fuel economy again became more of an issue. Consumers were holding back on new car purchases as they weighed their budget limitations and the implications of a challenging economy.
At the same time, advanced technology vehicles like electric cars appeared to have more potential than ever as those in Washington seemed ready to push that agenda for energy efficiency and oil displacement goals. Concerns about carbon emissions and climate change were not yet primary drivers but would be soon enough. For these reasons, many automakers here and abroad were either committing to electric models or had ones in development.
Perhaps the most high-profile evidence of EV momentum at the time was Mitsubishi’s i-MiEV, an acronym for Mitsubishi Innovative Electric Vehicle. Based on the automaker’s offshore Mitsubishi i, a small kei car powered by a 0.7-liter three-cylinder gas engine, the electric i-MiEV was sold to Japanese fleets in 2009 and consumers there in 2010. It was also undergoing early testing with electric utilities Southern California Edison (SCE) and Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) here in the States. At the time it seemed likely this electric model would eventually make its way to American consumers…something that did come to pass a year after its introduction to consumers in Japan.
Along the way, Mitsubishi created anticipation with an edgy concept based on the production car called the i-MiEV Sport Air. Reinforcing the ‘Sport Air’ theme was a formidable clear cutaway roof panel providing a substantial feeling of openness to the cockpit even with the panel in place. That feeling was enhanced once the lightweight plastic roof panel was detached. Other design features included a lightweight aluminum and plastic teardrop bodyshell, interesting 3D headlamp and taillamp designs, and circuit board graphic elements incorporated into various exterior components…all in the interest of virtually shouting ‘electric.’
Bowing to its sporty theme, the mid-ship i-MiEV Sport Air variant was powered by an 80 horsepower electric motor, a 13 horsepower bump up from the standard electric motor in the i-MiEV. The electronic control unit was also re-calibrated to better suit American driving conditions. Energy was supplied by a 330 volt lithium-ion battery pack beneath the floor. Like the batteries, its charger and inverter were located as low as possible to optimize the 2155 pound car’s center of gravity.
Alas, while this sporty version of this Mitsubishi electric car never did make its way to the highway, the production version of the i-MiEV did debut here at the end of 2011, though slightly larger and reworked to meet the needs of American drivers. It was some 4.3 inches wider and 8 inches longer than its kei car sisterships in Japan and other world markets while riding on the same wheelbase. Mitsubishi also redesigned the EV’s bumpers and added side curtain airbags to the U.S. version to enhance safety and meet U.S. regs.
Our first impression when we laid eyes on the U.S. production i-MiEV? Mitsubishi’s small electric car was different. With styling considered cute to some and a bit of an oddity to others, it was clearly not a car for everyone. This begged the question: Just who was right for the i-MiEV?
That was not a question easily answered since there were no direct comparisons. Nissan’s LEAF was more sophisticated in many ways but cost about six grand more than Mitsubishi’s i-MiEV. When the electric smart fortwo ed (electric drive) emerged shortly afterward, it came in at a grand or so less than the i-MiEV, but that savings brought with it the loss of a rear seat and that was a deal-breaker for most American drivers.
Those who wanted an affordable – as far as electric cars go – zero emission ride with realistic expectations found the electric i-MiEV offering a potential fit. It was by design the least expensive, full-function four passenger electric vehicle on the market at the time. That didn’t mean it was cheap. Rather, at a retail cost of $29,125 for the base ES model, it was simply the EV that would strain budgets the least since all EVs, by nature, were expensive to make and their price reflected this reality. That said, factoring in the $7,500 federal tax credit available at the time meant the cost to American consumers was an approachable $21,625. Potential state and other incentives dropped the price even lower.
Back in the day, we had the opportunity to spend time behind the wheel of a 2011 i-MiEV in city driving and on California highways and back roads. What was that like? Think vintage VW Bug and you would be in the ballpark in the way of driving experience. The i-MiEV was fun to pilot if your expectations were modest, sort of like those early Beetles.
While it did have a host of modern features including an array of advanced entertainment, electronics, and safety systems, the Mitsubishi i-MiEV cabin was generally spartan by the day’s automotive standards, also like those early Beetles. Instrumentation was minimalistic with the obvious juxtaposition of an HDD navigation system and rearview camera that were optionally available. The interior was surprisingly spacious considering the i-MiEV's smallish external dimensions, featuring over 50 cubic feet of cargo room with the rear seats folded down. Access for stowing gear and goods was easy through a large rear hatch.
Our initial on-road testing was enlightening. We understood that running climate control or the stereo system would diminish range, but in the interest of driving the i-MiEV in ways that everyday motorists typically drive, we ignored that and did what we would normally do. Using the ‘Eco’ or ‘B’ transmission selections were recommended to maximize range and regenerative braking, but again, we thought it instructive to see what tooling about town in ‘D’ (Drive) would bring.
It was a pleasant experience. We drove 65 mph on the freeway and merged readily enough. Driving around town was comfortable and confidence-inspiring with no downsides. We were driving electric with zero localized emissions, a real plus. Then, amid our joyous care-free highway romps, we stole a look at the battery gauge and realized that our devil-may-care driving really had sapped this EV’s range. It was back to the barn for a charge, pronto. We understood why most drivers would want to opt for the transmission selections that favored range over performance. Driving more conservatively and using the tools provided to optimize range would allow drivers to realize the EPA’s combined range estimate of 62 miles.
When the time came to charge up, the deed could be done in 7 hours from full discharge with a 220-volt home charger through a port at the passenger’s side, or in 22 ½ hours with a 110-volt mobile charger that’s carried along in the vehicle. We used the more convenient 220-volt Level 2 wall charger in our Green Car garage. To encourage quicker at-home charging, at the time Mitsubishi was using Best Buy's Geek Squad to install Eaton home chargers that were priced at $700 plus installation costs.
Surprisingly, Mitsubishi also enabled high power charging capability in its cost-conscious i-MiEV. On the driver’s side of our test car was a second chargeport for replenishing batteries with a public CHAdeMO fast-charging system that could bring the i-MiEV’s battery’s back to 80 percent state-of-charge in about a half-hour. Fast-charge capability is common in EVs these days but an unexpected benefit back then.
Overall, Mitsubishi strived to keep the cost down by making the i-MiEV as simple as possible. One example of this minimalism was the model’s instrumentation that consisted of a battery state-of-charge meter, gear indicator, speedometer, eco/regen indicator, and odometer. A remote key fob allowed drivers to communicate with the vehicle to pre-heat or pre-cool the cabin as well as control the charging process. While wireless, the remote for our test vehicle was not connected to the Internet so it could not be used with a smartphone.
We’ve had lots of experience with city-class cars over the years, most notably neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) aimed exclusively for around-town use at a governed top speed of 25 mph. The i-MiEV, while clearly intended as a city car with its limited range and minimalistic approach, was designed for much more than neighborhood use with its greater functionality, electronically-limited 81 mph top speed, advanced safety, and user-friendly features.
The Mitsubishi i-MiEV – like the kei car genre from which it sprang – was aimed at drivers who wanted their rides distinctive, eco-friendly, reasonably priced, and ideally suited for around-town driving or commuting. Demonstrating their everyday capabilities was the goal of Mitsubishi's EVTown Initiative in Normal, Illinois, home of the manufacturing facility where domestic i-MiEVs were built. Here, drivers were regularly seen behind the wheel of i-MiEVs as they went about their daily business, making these electric city cars a common sight around town and illustrating that driving zero-emission EVs in city environs was, well…”normal.”
Obviously, Mitsubishi was banking on a large enough pool of like-minded buyers to make this approach a success. American auto preferences being what they are – bigger, faster, more sophisticated features – it’s no surprise that the i-MiEV ultimately faded away from new car showrooms after the 2017 model year as new electric vehicle choices and capabilities expanded.
Still, the i-MiEV deserves its distinction as a trailblazer and an important point of reference. Its story is especially relevant today as the national conversation expands to address the potential for smaller and more affordable city cars with a lighter environmental impact. True, they may not be for everyone. But the very fact that small kei cars are even being discussed today opens the door for more minimalist models that serve the fundamental needs of daily life. Perhaps something along the lines of Mitsubishi’s i-MiEV Sport Air would do nicely, don't you think?
At Ford, we’ve always believed our vehicles are more than just transportation – they are tools that empower our customers to live, work, and explore. For decades, that meant building trucks and vans that could haul heavy loads, navigate rugged terrain, and stand up to the toughest jobs.
Today, as outdoor recreation thrives and work-life boundaries blur, our definition of empowerment is expanding. We’re not just moving people and cargo. We’re moving power itself, directly into the hands of those who need it most, wherever they may be.
This is the promise of Pro Power Onboard, a feature that is rapidly becoming a cornerstone of our electrified vehicle lineup, particularly in the Ford F-150 Lightning. It’s more than just an inverter; it’s a fully integrated, robust power station designed to unlock unprecedented levels of productivity, adventure, and resilience.
Consider the traditional challenges faced by professionals working in remote locations, adventurers seeking to extend their time off-grid, or groups looking to build memories while camping, tailgating. or traveling. The hum of a gas generator, the constant worry about fuel, the scramble for outlets, the limitations of battery packs – these have long been accepted as necessary evils. But what if those limitations could be eliminated? What if your vehicle could silently and reliably power your entire operation, miles from the nearest grid connection?
This isn't a hypothetical question for people like Scott Rinckenberger, Scott, an acclaimed outdoor photographer, traverses wild landscapes across the country in search of the perfect shot. His work demands long days in unpredictable conditions, far from any conventional power source. For years, he relied on a gas-powered F-150, a trusty companion until nature intervened, and a falling tree totaled his truck. This unexpected event opened the door to a profound transformation in his workflow.
Scott chose a 2024 F-150 Lightning Flash, and as he puts it, it was "love at first drive." But it was Pro Power Onboard that truly revolutionized his professional life. With up to 9.6 kW of exportable power available directly from his truck, Scott’s F-150 Lightning became a silent, mobile office. He can now charge his cameras, drones, and laptop on the fly, editing photos from a remote trailhead, extending his time in the field, and capturing that perfect light while plugging them in as he goes – ultimately leading to a superior outcome for his work.
Pro Power Onboard allows folks like Scott to stay on location longer, reducing trips back to a home base. This convenience enables a more efficient, more immersive, and ultimately, more sustainable way of working and traveling.
Pro Power Onboard isn't a one-size-fits-all solution, but a scalable system designed to meet diverse needs. In the F-150 Lightning, for instance, customers can choose from 2.4 kW or the mighty 9.6 kW (on certain trims; standard on Platinum F-150 Lightning), offering a combination of 120V and 240V outlets. This means the ability to power everything from sensitive camera equipment and laptops to heavy-duty power tools, lighting rigs, or even a small mobile workshop. In other Ford vehicles like the F-150 Hybrid, Maverick Hybrid, and E-Transit, Pro Power Onboard offers varying power levels, from 2.0 kW to 7.2 kW, extending this versatile capability across a broad spectrum of customer needs.
Simply put, when paired with an electric vehicle, Pro Power Onboard represents a significant leap forward in clean, efficient, and quiet power generation. It eliminates the need for separate, often noisy and polluting, gas generators for many applications, significantly reducing the carbon footprint associated with traditional remote work and outdoor activities. It empowers those who work in the field, like Scott, to embrace a lifestyle that aligns with their environmental values, allowing them to work from anywhere without compromising their commitment to sustainability.
This feature isn't just for photographers or contractors. It’s also for those who want to set up their office by a lake, the adventurer who needs to power their campsite, the small business owner who requires mobile power for their tools, or even the homeowner seeking reliable backup power during an outage. Pro Power Onboard is about giving drivers unprecedented control over their energy needs, fostering greater independence and flexibility.
As Scott Rinckenberger confidently states when asked if the F-150 Lightning is a 'real truck,' his answer is simple: “It's better.”
Bill Crider is Ford’s Senior Director of Global Charging and Energy Services
GM is bringing back its Chevy Bolt EV for the 2027 model year, fulfilling the wishes of drivers who pined for the affordable and practical electric car that helped mainstream EVs. This new edition builds on the idea that electric mobility can be accessible without compromise and, as it happens, at a reasonable price.
When it first arrived, the Chevy Bolt marked a major shift. As Green Car Journal noted then, it made long-range electric driving attainable for many. That milestone established a foundation that today’s Bolt inherits, adding modern range, tech, and refinement.
The 2027 Chevy Bolt LT launches at $29,990, including destination charges. A lower-priced LT variant will follow at $28,995. Tesla has yet to offer an affordable EV close that price range, though it has long promised to sell an entry-level model at $35,000…something it did only briefly five years ago. Chevrolet estimates a 255 mile range for the Bolt, the most for any EV under $30,000.
Production begins early next year as a limited-run model. Alongside the Equinox EV, the new Bolt anchors Chevrolet’s commitment to accessible electric vehicles. Together, these models are projected to account for most of the brand’s EV sales through 2026.
The 2027 Bolt uses GM’s latest X76 electric drive unit, developed for efficiency and durability. A permanent-magnet motor designed with reduced rare-earth content lowers cost and environmental impact, while silicon-carbide inverter materials limit energy loss between battery and drive system.
Shared across GM’s growing EV portfolio, this hardware helps keep costs in check. The 65 kWh lithium-iron-phosphate battery offers robust thermal stability and consistent performance. Blended regenerative braking with the benefit of one-pedal driving returns energy to the battery pack while encouraging smoother brake-free operation.
Inside, the Bolt EV evolves toward a more driver-focused layout. An 11.3-inch infotainment display and 11-inch configurable instrument screen give clear digital feedback while keeping key functions within reach. Physical controls for volume and climate remain for quick, tactile access.
Practicality stays central to the Bolt’s identity. There is open console storage, multiple USB-C ports, and available wireless phone charging. Heated and ventilated front seats, a heated steering wheel, and an optional panoramic sunroof contribute to a comfortable cabin experience.
Charging performance represents one of the Bolt’s most notable upgrades. With 150 kW DC fast-charging, the car charges from 10 to 80 percent in about 26 minutes, more than twice as fast as before. It is also Chevrolet’s first model equipped with a NACS port, broadening compatibility across U.S. charging networks including Tesla's reliable Superchargers.
Google built-in connectivity now ties navigation and charging together. Google Maps routes include live charger availability and real-time range data, while automatic battery preconditioning optimizes fast-charging stops. Super Cruise driver-assist integrates with Google Maps to highlight hands-free routes and manage lane guidance on highway interchanges.
Design updates keep the familiar hatchback profile but introduce sleeker details. Seven exterior colors and 17-inch wheel choices allow personalization, while a new RS trim adds gloss-black accents, roof rails, and exclusive badging.
More than 20 standard safety and driver-assistance technologies include Intersection Collision Mitigation, Rear Cross Traffic Alert with Braking, and adaptive cruise control. The Bolt’s Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) functionality enables power sharing with properly equipped homes, signaling GM’s expanding role in EV energy integration.
The original Chevy Bolt introduced for 2017 was more than an efficient commuter. It was a social and technological marker, illustrating that electric cars could deliver meaningful range and practicality without a luxury-level price. As Green Car Journal noted at the time, the Bolt’s affordability placed EV ownership within reach of a broader audience, reshaping expectations for the segment.
Ten years later, the 2027 Bolt continues that legacy with improved capability, connectivity, and value. It builds on the same philosophy that made the first model a success: deliver real-world range, usable space, and forward-looking technology at an attainable price.
The new Bolt is set for assembly at GM’s Fairfax Plant in Kansas City, Kansas, and will reach showrooms in early 2026. Its return reflects a milestone in the electric vehicle market, positioning a once-again-mainstream Chevy Bolt as an affordable and desirable EV that can help lead the field toward a truly accessible electric future.
Those seeking exceptional fuel efficiency in an affordable mainstream model should consider Honda's ever-popular Civic. Honda has sharpened its electrification strategy with the availability of two hybrid trims in its refreshed 2025 Civic lineup. The model’s new Sport Hybrid and Sport Touring Hybrid variants rise to the top of the Civic family, combining fuel efficiency with more performance than any non-Type R Honda Civic before them.
The Civic hybrid is expected to account for about 40 percent of model sales, signaling Honda’s commitment to electrification while maintaining affordability in its compact car lineup. With an EPA-estimated 50 mpg in the city and 47 on the highway, Civic Hybrid not only offers class-leading efficiency but also brings a performance upgrade over Civic’s standard gasoline trims.
This isn’t the first time Civic has gone hybrid. Honda previously offered the Civic Hybrid from 2003 through 2015, during a period when hybrids were still establishing themselves in the mainstream market. After a decade-long absence, Honda has not reintroduced the Civic Hybrid with far more advanced technology, reflecting both how the market has matured and how the company’s own hybrid systems have evolved.
Honda’s latest two-motor hybrid system delivers 200 horsepower and 232 lb-ft torque. This makes the hybrid variants quicker than the outgoing 1.5-liter turbo Civic while delivering excellent efficiency. Linear Shift Control, a feature designed to mimic traditional gear changes, adds familiarity to the otherwise seamless hybrid driving experience.
Four levels of regenerative braking can be selected via steering wheel paddles, letting drivers tailor the level of deceleration and energy recovery. Combined with multiple drive modes – Econ, Normal, and Sport – the hybrid Civic allows drivers to optimize powertrain response for efficiency, comfort, or performance. The top Sport Touring Hybrid also introduces an Individual mode with customizable settings.
Honda has tuned the Civic hybrid with unique springs, dampers, and tires to match the added performance while preserving the model’s reputation for accessible driving fun. Hybrid trims benefit from the quietest cabins in the lineup thanks to Active Noise Control and additional sound-deadening measures, with Sport Touring models gaining resonator wheels for even greater refinement. This tuning underscores Honda’s effort to ensure the hybrid isn’t just the most efficient Civic. it’s also one of the most enjoyable to drive.
While the 2025 Civic receives updated styling across the board, the hybrid trims feature subtle cues that distinguish them from gasoline models. A more aggressive front fascia is complemented by a body-colored headlamp garnish and lower spoiler exclusive to the hybrid variants. The Sport Touring Hybrid receives its own machine-finished wheel design, while all Sport trims ride on 18-inch black wheels.
Four new exterior colors are available, including Blue Lagoon Pearl for sedans and Sand Dune Pearl for hatchbacks. Inside, hybrids can now be ordered with a gray interior, while the Sport Hybrid adds standard equipment like a moonroof, heated front seats, and dual-zone climate control. The Sport Touring Hybrid upgrades further with leather seating and a premium 12-speaker Bose audio system.
Technology has been a key focus in this refresh. Hybrid trims benefit from more advanced infotainment, with the Sport Touring Hybrid features a larger 9-inch touchscreen, wireless Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, and a wireless phone charger. This top trim also introduces Google built-in for the first time in a Civic. With native Google Maps, Google Assistant, and app integration via Google Play, drivers can enjoy a more connected and voice-driven experience, backed by a complimentary three-year data plan. All Civic models now feature front USB-C ports.
Every Civic highlights safety with Honda’s Advanced Compatibility Engineering body structure and the brand’s full suite of Honda Sensing driver-assist technologies. This includes collision mitigation braking, lane-keeping assist, and adaptive cruise control. All Sport trims also feature blind spot monitoring with rear cross traffic alert.
While hybrids headline the lineup, Civic LX and Sport trims are also available with a 2.0-liter four-cylinder gasoline engine to broaden the model’s already-wide appeal. This ensures Honda retains an affordable $24,250 entry point for younger or budget-conscious buyers while gradually shifting more of the lineup toward electrification.
Hybrid power aligns one of Honda’s most important models with the brand’s broader electrification roadmap. The combination of efficiency, performance, and refinement positions the Civic Hybrid to appeal to longtime Civic fans while attracting buyers who want hybrid benefits without giving up driving enjoyment. Civic Hybrids are also within reach of mainstream buyers with the Sport Hybrid’s price of entry $28,750 and the Sport Touring Hybrid $31,750.
For a nameplate that has defined compact car value for over 50 years, the hybrid Civic represents both a nod to the future and a return to the formula that has always made Civic successful: delivering more than expected in an affordable, approachable package.
The all-new 2025 Kia K4 offers buyers a fresh choice that blends excellent fuel economy, modern technology, and a roomy interior. With its bold design and feature-rich trims, the K4 is positioned to appeal to those who want to address lower carbon emissions while driving more than just the basics in their daily commute.
Beyond efficiency, the Kia K4 is notable for introducing segment-above digital displays, advanced driver assistance, and premium interior features that are often reserved for midsize sedans. Its combination of everyday usability and upscale amenities sets it apart from rival models in the segment.
At 185.4 inches long and 72.8 inches wide, the K4 is one of the largest models in its class, offering rear passengers 38 inches of legroom and 37.3 inches of headroom. The design emphasizes a sleek, fastback profile with hidden rear door handles and a wide stance, giving it a sporty edge. GT-Line trims are distinguished with gloss black accents, satin chrome trim, cube LED projection headlights, and 18-inch alloy wheels.
Inside, the K4 makes a strong impression with its wide digital command center. Nearly 30 inches of combined display space blends driver instrumentation and infotainment under Kia’s Connected Car Navigation Cockpit system. Wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto are standard across all trims. Premium options such as Harman Kardon audio, ventilated front seats, a panoramic sunroof, and Kia’s Digital Key 2.0 enhance its upscale feel. Voice interaction through Kia Assistant adds an extra layer of control.
The K4 comes with two front-wheel-drive powertrain choices. The standard 2.0-liter engine produces 147 horsepower and 132 lb-ft torque, delivering power to the road via an intelligently variable transmission. For those seeking more power, the optional 1.6-liter turbocharged engine delivers 190 horsepower and 195 lb-ft torque through an 8-speed automatic.
Fuel economy comes as a matter of course, with the 2.0-liter K4 earning EPA estimates of 40 mpg on the highway 30 mpg in the city, and 34 mpg combined. This places it among the most efficient choices in the compact sedan segment, aligning with competitors like the Honda Civic and Toyota Corolla. The turbocharged version trades some efficiency for performance but retains a practical balance for everyday driving.
The K4’s GT-Line Turbo trim gains a multi-link rear suspension that enhances responsiveness and control, distinguishing it from base models with sharper handling. Across the lineup, engineers targeted noise, vibration, and harshness with acoustic glass and specialized tires, contributing to a more refined driving experience.
Safety tech is comprehensive, with all models featuring Kia’s advanced ADAS driver assistance systems. Standard equipment includes intelligent speed limit assist, lane-keeping assist, and adaptive cruise control with stop-and-go functionality. Higher trims offer upgraded collision avoidance with pedestrian and cyclist detection, blind-spot view monitoring, evasive steering assist, and surround-view cameras, broadening driver confidence in varied traffic and road conditions.
Available in LX, LXS, EX, GT-Line, and GT-Line Turbo trims, the Kia K4 has carved out a presence in the compact sedan market. Its combination of welcome fuel efficiency, advanced digital features, and roomy proportions make it a strong competitor that will likely appeal to those seeking both daily practicality and a higher level of in-car tech.
Among its strengths is an easy entry for the K4 LX at $21,990, topping out at $25,990 for the higher performance GT-Line. For buyers wanting a sedan that balances style, technology, and real-world economy in an appealing package, the Kia K4 presents as a model deserving of real consideration.
Southern California-based Karma Automotive has a new player – the sumptuous Karma Gyesera –the next model in its electrified luxury lineup. Gyesera is positioned as the successor to the Revero, which has served as Karma's high-profile offering since the company acquired this model’s design and technology from the failed Fisker Automotive back in 2014. While many important technology refinements have been made to the Revero along with mild styling updates, the stunning design of the original car has largely remained intact.
The new Gyesera extended range electric vehicle (EREV) arrives at a time when the market for all-electric cars has softened and interest in EREVs is growing significantly. While the Karma Revero was once one of the pioneers in the luxury end of the electrified luxury market, Karma must now compete against a wide field of premium automakers offering their own plug-in and performance hybrids. Gyesera represents a strategic move to stay in the game and prove Karma is a serious player.
Karma is building Gyesera on an evolution of its aluminum space-frame platform, pairing it with bodywork made from aluminum and carbon-reinforced composites to reduce weight. The result is a lighter, more agile grand touring car that should also benefit efficiency. Larger forged billet aluminum wheels with Karma-specific Pirelli tires help reduce unsprung weight and rolling resistance.
Performance sees a clear step forward. The latest version of Karma’s extended-range hybrid powertrain delivers 566 horsepower and 546 lb-ft torque, propelling Gyesera from 0-60 mph in an estimated 4.0 seconds. That’s half a second quicker than the Revero, underscoring the emphasis on both grand touring comfort and sportier dynamics.
Beyond the car itself, Karma is highlighting a shift in how it designs vehicles. Gyesera is the first model developed under the company’s Intelligent Product Development System, a process that blends traditional engineering with digital twin concepts from the tech sector. By simulating designs virtually and connecting development to real-world data, Karma aims to shorten product development cycles and improve reliability.
This new approach points to the company’s ambition to operate not just as a boutique automaker, but as a tech-driven product company. It also sets the stage for additional models, including the Amaris GT coupe expected in 2026.
Visually, Gyesera introduces a design language meant to define Karma going forward. A low-slung stance, carbon composite details, and a distinctive “backslash” signature on the fenders create a bold appearance. The company’s distinctive “Target Acquisition” lighting, first shown on the Kaveya concept, makes its production debut here. A vented hood inspired by a comet’s trail adds both functional airflow and a unique styling cue.
The rear design is anchored by a full-width diffuser that emphasizes the car’s athletic proportions. Overall, Karma is aiming for a design identity that blends exclusivity, performance cues, and brand distinction.
Inside, Gyesera takes a restrained approach compared to competitors that dominate the cabin with large screens. A digital instrument cluster and a new Qualcomm-based infotainment system focus on delivering information cleanly rather than overwhelming the space. HVAC functions are integrated into streamlined menus, while conveniences like wireless CarPlay, Android Auto, and wireless device charging are standard.
Expanded over-the-air update capabilities bring added value, offering downloadable features such as custom audio tuning and AI-driven predictive service diagnostics. Premium materials and a simplified design approach reinforce the goal of a modern, uncluttered luxury environment. Slim front seats open up additional legroom for rear passengers, improving practicality without sacrificing the car’s sleek proportions.
With an expected starting price of about $165,000 and producing scheduled later this year, the Gyesera competes directly against luxury plug-in models from larger mainstream automakers. Its success will depend on Karma’s ability to distinguish itself through exclusivity, which the Gyesera's lofty price pretty much guarantees. That exclusivity formula, by the way, has been a key element already at work for this automaker. The upcoming Amaris GT Coupe, positioned at roughly $200,000, will further broaden Karma’s small but focused lineup.
Gyesera represents more than just a new model for Karma – it’s a signal of intent. By combining advanced plug-in serial hybrid power, lightweight materials, and software-enabled features, Karma is aiming to stand apart in a crowded segment. Whether this approach will establish Karma as a stronger player in the luxury hybrid space remains to be seen, but the Gyesera sets a new direction that builds on the pioneering foundation of the Revero while charting a logical and exciting path forward.
Before today’s near-exclusive focus on batteries as an alternative to powering vehicles, there was an a major and ongoing effort to explore options to decrease gasoline use and mitigate emissions. Those fuels were many and varied, ranging from biodiesel and methanol to natural gas and hydrogen. One fuel stood out so dramatically as a seamless drop-in alternative to gasoline that it was embraced by many automakers by the millions in their production vehicles. That fuel – E85 ethanol – prompted a significant effort to establish E85 fueling stations and promote this as a viable alternative fuel. This eventually faded away as momentum for heavily-subsidized battery electric vehicles eclipsed movement toward all other fuel alternatives. But before that happened, Chevrolet’s high-profile Avalanche became a poster child for E85 ethanol and created excitement about this fuel’s future potential. Here, we present this article from Green Car Journal’s extensive archives just as it ran in our Fall 2005 issue.
Excerpted from Fall 2005 Issue: It has a curb weight of more than 2 1/2 tons and is powered by a 295 horsepower Vortec 5300 V-8 engine, yet this full-size sport utility truck can operate on just 15 percent of the gasoline one would expect. No, General Motors didn’t finally pull the mythical 200 mpg carburetor out of the closet; this Chevy Avalanche is one of the General’s growing fleet of E85- capable flexible fuel vehicles.
E85 is a mixture of 15 percent gasoline and 85 percent ethanol. Ethanol is ethyl alcohol, a renewable fuel source typically made from corn. Other widely produced starchy grains like wheat or barley can also be used to make ethanol. The beauty of a flexible fuel vehicle (FFV) is that you aren’t out of luck if you can’t find an E85 station along your route. Flexible fuel means that these vehicles can operate on either E85 ethanol or gasoline and any combination of the two.
In addition to lowering our dependence on petroleum fuel, E85 is a cleaner fuel source with lower sulfur and aromatic hydrocarbon emissions. In fact, the V-8 powered Avalanche is clean enough to earn California’s stringent SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle) rating and a Bin 8, LEV rating from the federal government. As a bonus, photosynthesis in the growing of corn feedstocks helps remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Ethanol does have a lower energy content than gasoline, so overall fuel economy may be slightly less when running on pure E85. However, ethanol proponents are quick to counter this by pointing out the economic benefits of using domestically produced corn as a fuel source, instead of imported oil.
One thing you won’t get with the E85 powered Avalanche is inconvenience. Time spent behind the wheel shows that performance is on par with a standard Vortec 5300 gasoline powered Avalanche. Plus, no driver input is required to switch fuel...the engine runs on any mix of either, seamlessly. The driver and passenger experience is quite normal in every respect. E85 can be hard to find, but the infrastructure is growing, with an estimated 300 fueling stations spread across the country.
The E85-capable Avalanche is just that – capable. This platform is a thoughtful blend of sport utility vehicle and pickup truck, making the Avalanche well suited for a wide variety of missions. What makes the Avalanche unique is the midgate rear cab wall that can be lowered to extend the abbreviated 5.3-foot bed length to more than eight feet. The process of folding the rear seats forward and lowering the midgate takes just moments and greatly increases the flexibility of the Avalanche to function as a full-size pickup. On the inside, the Avalanche can seat either five or six adults, depending on the front seat configuration ordered.
To help promote the use of ethanol in flexible fuel vehicles, General Motors has provided 28 state governments with Chevrolet Avalanche E85-capable demonstration vehicles. The move is designed to raise awareness for E85 as a viable, domestically produced alternative to gasoline. GM is currently the world’s leading producer of ethanol flexible fuel vehicles and offers flexible fuel vehicles for sale in all 50 states. In light of recent world events, ethanol may well gain the momentum needed to become a long-term alternative fuel contender.
The midsize Polestar 3 SUV, the latest Polestar model to hit U.S. shores, is distinguished with sculpted styling, a minimalist interior, and loads of tech. It also features a good amount of real-world range and, living up to the automaker’s sporty performance goals, great handling and plenty of power.
The rub: The 2025 Polestar 3 starts at almost $69,000 and can edge close to $100,000 in top performance trim with all the available options. It’s not for the multitudes who live on tight budgets.
Likely rivals for shoppers’ attention include electric SUVs from the likes of Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Volvo. You could toss in models such as the Cadillac Optiq, Tesla Model Y, and Genesis Electrified GV70, but they really play in a different segment as compact SUVs.
Polestar offers the 3 in three “long range” powertrain choices with option packages to increase the tech, driver assist and comfort, and “gee, look at me” content. The base single-motor, rear-wheel drive version delivers, per the EPA, up to 350 miles of range. None of the competing high-end electric SUVs can match that, although none offer single-motor version, opting instead for 100 percent all-wheel drive lineups.
More powerful but less efficient dual-motor, all-wheel drive versions of the Polestar 3 come in two flavors. The base dual-motor trim boasts a segment-leading 315 miles of range, per the EPA’s rating system. Adding the Performance Pack option drops the Polestar 3 Dual Motor’s rated range to between 279 and 300 miles, depending on tire and wheel size. That’s in the ballpark with the 300-mile Audi Q8 e-tron, 307-mile Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV, 309-mile BMW iX xDrive50, and 310-mile Volvo EX9.
Sizewise, the Polestar 3 sits near the bottom of it pack. While its passenger cabin is roomy, the 3 overall is as much as 5.5 inches shorter than other premium and luxury mid-size electric SUVs. It sits mid-pack in cargo capacity, though, bested by the BMW iX and Audi but leading the EQE SUV and the Volvo EX90. Pricewise, the Polestar starts lower than any likely competitor.
The Swedish EV maker started life as an independent tuning shop for Volvo racers, then was absorbed by Volvo Cars, which has been owned by China’s Zhejiang Geely Holding Group since 2010. In 2017 Geely decided it wanted a stand-along EV makers in its stable to market performance-oriented but premium-level vehicles globally. Polestar was spun off from Volvo to be that company.
It is publicly traded, but a majority of its shares are held by Geely and Geely founder and CEO Li Shufu’s private PSD Investment. Volvo Cars also holds a stake.
Polestar’s first model, the limited production Polestar 1, was a sport coupe with a 600 horsepower plug-in hybrid powertrain and 52 mile all-electric range, the best in the business. It was sold globally, though in very small numbers, from 2019 through 2021 and won praise for its styling and performance. Only about 1,500 of the $150,000 cars were built and just 250 of them made it to the U.S.
The Polestar 2, a compact sedan-styled hatchback, launched in 2019 and still is sold in Asia and Europe. U.S. sales of the sporty 2 were curtailed this year in the face of stiff tariffs on vehicles imported from China, where it is built.
Polestar 3 went on sale in the U.S. earlier this year in dual-motor trim, with the single-motor version launching in April. Models sold in the U.S. are built alongside the Volvo EX90 at Volvo’s South Carolina assembly plant. The 3 will be followed later this year by the Polestar 4, a tall sedan styled midsize SUV that shares most of its powertrain, suspension, and interior with the 3. It will be built in South Korea.
A Polestar 5 sport sedan – the brand’s new flagship model – is slated for 2026 and will be built in South Carolina and/or South Korea. The Polestar 7 compact SUV aimed mainly for the European market and slated to be assembled there is scheduled next, to be followed by the Polestar 6, a 2+2 performance roadster with head-turning design.
Don’t expect to consistently get EPA estimated range from any Polestar 3 variant unless your accelerator foot is feather light, your driving style rather timid, and you avoid hilly or mountainous terrain and highway driving. Real-world range for most EVs runs 10 to 15 percent below EPA estimates with the variance depending largely on tire size, the weight of cargo (including people) on board, driving style, terrain, and the amount of high speed driving involved. We tested both the single-motor and dual-motor performance versions of the Polestar 3. Our experience is that it manages to stick pretty close to the estimates, running 10 to 12 percent short in most driving conditions.
In in our range test of a single-motor Polestar 3 with 21-inch wheels – the variant EPA rates at 350 miles – our 250-mile round-trip ride covered 140 miles of fast freeway driving in light traffic, plus 70 miles of ambling country lanes and 40 miles of mountain roads. We tried to keep within 10 mph of posted speed limits.
Per EPA’s estimate, we should have been draining the battery pack at a rate of 3.27 miles per kilowatt-hour (350 miles/107 kWh usable battery capacity). But country and mountain driving on the first leg of the trip was uphill most of the way, cutting efficiency to just 2.4 miles per kWh. That would have resulted in just under 266 miles of range had we kept going at that pace. We benefitted from an equal amount of downhill motoring on the way back, though, and improved efficiency for that part was a relatively thrifty 3 miles per kWh. For the entire round trip, average consumption was 37.3 kWh per 100 miles. That’s the equivalent of 307 miles of range – 12.2% under the EPA estimate.
We tested the dual-motor performance version of the Polestar 3 last fall on rain-slicked roads in the area around Jackson, Wyoming. An abundance of caution with someone else’s vehicle kept speeds down, but we did climb about 2,200 feet from Jackson’s 6,240-foot elevation to hit the pass through the Tetons into neighboring Idaho. Overall, we found real range on that trip was pretty much what EPA estimated for the performance version with 22 inch tires.
All versions of the 2025 Polestar 3 are two-row, five-seat electric crossovers. There’s a lot of Volvo under the skin and in the interior, but Polestar DNA is dominant in the 3’s design and chassis, suspension, and powertrain development.
Its aerodynamic looks derive from the Polestar Precept electric sedan concept that was unveiled in 2020. It’s built on an EV-specific platform developed by Volvo.
The rear-drive Polestar 3 starts at $68,900 under pre-tariff pricing. It has its own powertrain and suspension but otherwise is almost identical in looks and features to the dual-motor trims.
Standard features include 20-inch alloy wheels, panoramic glass roof, acoustic laminated windshield and rear window, auto-extending flush door handles, power rear liftgate with foot sensor, power adjustable and heated, auto-dimming, and folding frameless side mirrors. Inside are standard heated and power adjustable front seats with extendable thigh bolsters, ambient interior lighting, tri-zone heat-pump climate control, rear touchscreen for climate and seat heating controls, and a 10-speaker audio system.
If your regular driving conditions don’t require all wheel drive and you don’t mind taking a couple of seconds longer to hit 60 from a standing stop, the single-motor version makes a lot of sense.
The dual-motor Polestar 3 starts at $74,800. It includes all the single-motor variant’s standard features and adds more power, electronic all-wheel drive with torque vectoring, and air suspension with active dampers. The dual motor AWD with Performance Pack jumps to $80,800 and includes everything on the standard dual motor but adds a performance software upgrade that boosts horsepower and torque. It also gets 22-inch alloys with performance tires, special chassis tuning, and gold-color seatbelts, valve caps, and brake calipers.
The Plus Pack, priced at $5,500, adds a head-up display, power adjustable steering column, soft-close door mechanism, heated rear seats and steering wheel, heated windshield wiper blades, and a foldable rear cargo bay floor. Also provided is a 25-speaker Bowers & Wilkins audio system with surround sound, Dolby Atmos capability, and active road noise cancellation.
Available only with the Plus Pack at an additional $5,500 is a combination of animal welfare certified Nappa leather upholstery in three color choices and dark ash wood trim. The Performance Pack, at $6,000 and available only for the dual-motor variant, adds 22-inch alloy and performance tires, a software upgrade that boosts horsepower and torque, sport and performance tuned chassis, and gold-colored seatbelts, brake calipers, and valve caps. A $2,100 Pro Pack option for the single-motor and base dual-motor variants adds specially designed 21-inch wheels, gold-colored valve caps, and black seatbelts with a gold center stripe.
All Polestar 3 variants use a 111-kilowatt-hour battery pack (107 kWh usable capacity) installed under the floor in a so-called skateboard EV platform. For the single-motor version, the battery supplies a rear-mounted motor rated at 299 horsepower and 361 lb.-ft. of torque. Dual-motor variants get an additional motor for the front axle. Combined, they produce a total of 489 horsepower and 620 lb-ft torque. The Performance Pack boosts that to 517 hp and 671 lb-ft.
Polstar says the standard dual-motor version can zoom from zero to 60 mpg in 4.9 seconds. Adding the Performance Pack cuts that to 4.6 seconds – at a cost of $2,000 per tenth of a second. The single motor Polestar 3 get to 60 in a more leisurely but perfectly acceptable 7.5 seconds, per Polestar’s estimate.
In any configuration there’s a decent amount of power, which is good because the Long-Range Dual Motor Polestar 3 weighs in at more than 2.5 tons in its lightest configuration, and is just 120 pounds short of 3 tons at its heftiest. The single motor version is some 200 pounds lighter than the base dual-motor Polestar 3.
The single motor version gets steel coil springs, passive dampers, and a rear motor without torque vectoring. Steering calibration is also a little softer in the single motor model. In our test drive we found it to deliver a comfortable ride and compliant handling, but its suspension couldn’t compensate for rough roads and high-speed corners quite as well as the dual moor variants’ more sophisticated system.
Dual motor Polestar 3s get adaptive air suspension and a rear-biased, electronic all-wheel drive system with torque vectoring that lets the Polestar 3 put its power to the road quite effectively and sure-footedly. All versions get four-piston Brembo front brakes with single-piston Brembos in the rears and they handle the vehicle’s weight with aplomb. A one-pedal drive setting for the Polestar 3’s multi-stage regenerative braking reduces brake-foot fatigue in crowded traffic and can mimic a downshift when turning or carving up a twisty country road.
We didn’t find either version of the Polestar 3 to be unwieldly or unbalanced when tossed around mountain corners or while carving winding roads, but our preference was for the double-motor variants’ air springs and adaptive dampers.
The single motor Polestar 3 with optional 21-inch wheels and all-season tires is EPA-rated at up to 350 miles of range, dropping to 342 miles with the standard 20-inch tires and 333 miles with 22-inchers. Dual-motor versions are rated at 315 miles with 21-inch wheels, 310 miles with the standard 20-inch wheels, and 287 miles with 22-inch wheels.
Adding the performance pack gets up to 300 miles of range. The Performance pack with its standard 22-inch alloys and sticky performance tires drops the estimated range to 279 miles. While the smaller 20-inch tires should deliver less rolling resistance and thus more range than the 21-inchers, the 20-inch wheels are made of cast aluminum, which makes them heavier and thus slightly less energy efficient than the forged aluminum wheels used with the 21 inch rubber.
At a DC fast charger, the Polestar can replenish its battery pack at up to 250 kilowatts per hour, good for a 10 to 80 percent recharge in 30 minutes. For home charging, the Polestar, like its competitors, uses an 11 kW Level 2 charging system. With properly sized 240-volt equipment, the Polestar can take a battery from 10 to 100 percent in 11 hours. Both DC and Level 2 charging speeds are competitive in the segment.
Polestar 3 has a Scandinavian minimalist interior that would have been avant-garde had it been rolled out a few years ago, before the Hyundai Motor Group set the standard for modern minimalism with its Hyundai and Kia small crossover interiors.
In the Polestar 3, the dashboard is divided into a padded textile-covered upper section with a textured plastic or optional aluminum or wood-trimmed lower face, divided by a thin strip of LED lighting. The dash houses a 9-inch-wide digital driver information screen and a centrally mounted, vertically oriented 14.5-inch infotainment touchscreen that also serves as a control center for almost all vehicle settings and functions. The only physical switches and knobs are vehicle function and driver display control buttons – unlabeled - on the steering wheel, the shifter, and turn signal stalks on the steering column. A rotary controller for the audio system is located on the center console’s floating bridge.
Power-adjustable, sports-styled front bucket seats are set low to maximize headroom and are both supportive and comfortable. The 60/40 split rear seat sits higher than the front seats for improved lines of sight for rear occupants. The bench is divided into three molded seating positions, and while the middle position is narrow, there’s decent rear legroom even for center-seat occupants since below-floor batteries allow a flat floor with decent legroom.
The Polestar 3 has a small-for-the-segment primary cargo bay providing 17.1 cubic feet behinds the rear seats, which we’re told allows carrying along about 15 grocery bags or five airline carry-ons. In contrast, the BMW iX features more than twice the Polestar’s capacity at 35.5 cubic feet with the Mercedes-Benz EQE SUV offering 20 cubic feet. Things improve when the Polestar 3’s rear seat back is folded down as this boosts total interior cargo capacity to 49.8 cubic feet. That’s still the least of the competitive set, though, with the iX boasting 77.9 cubes of maximum interior cargo space that takes the lead.
There’s also a 1.1 cu.-ft. storage area, or “frunk,” under the hood. It’s not large enough to be of much use but will hold a portable charging cord that otherwise would take up open cargo space in the rear. Among likely competitors, the Audi Q8 e-tron has a 2.1-cu.-ft. frunk while the BMW iX and Mercedes EQE SUV do without.
Polestar says the “3” can haul up to 220 pounds on its roof and dual-motor versions can tow up to 3,500 pounds. That tow rating is adequate for a small utility trailer but comes in less than the 5,500 pound rating of the BMW iX or the 4,000 pound rating of the Audi Q8. The Mercedes isn’t tow-rated in the U.S. The single-moor Polestar 3 is rated to tow up to 2,000 pounds.
Polestar uses an Android Automotive operating system for its infotainment centers. We’ve found it to be one of the most user-friendly interfaces around, especially for those who prefer to use voice commands, which are executed in everyday language after a “Hey Google” wakeup call. The built-in Google Play Store makes downloading new apps to the system easy. There’s 5G connectivity available, along with Google Maps with a 3-year constant internet connectivity plan at no charge.
Connectivity is enhanced with four USB-C ports – two for each seating row – and a 120-volt outlet in the rear cargo bay. Wireless phone and Bluetooth phone connectivity are standard as are Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility. If there’s a drawback to the infotainment setup it’s that it is also control central for almost all vehicle adjustments and functions. This requires drivers who like to adjust drive modes, cabin temperature, and the like while underway to shift their eyes from road to screen far too often.
Audio is handled with a 10-speaker system. A 25-speaker Bowers & Wilkins sound system with Dolby Atmos surround sound and headrest speakers is an option. Three external speakers broadcast a warning tone at low speeds so that pedestrians, cyclists, and others can hear the otherwise silent EV as its draws near.
As a new model on a new platform, the Polestar 3 hasn’t yet been crash-tested by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) or the nonprofit Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). It has received a 5-star safety rating in the European NCAP crash test program.
Polestar 3 is equipped with an impressive array of advanced safety and driver assistance technologies, all integrated via a centralized computer running on software developed by Volvo Cars. The driver assistance and safety systems use a variety of imaging systems to monitor external surroundings and conditions, monitor driver alertness, and even report in-car movement to help prevent accidentally leaving pets or children in a parked car.
Standard safety and driver assist features on the 2025 Polestar 3 include front collision avoidance and mitigation with braking and steering assist, pedestrian and cyclist detection, blind spot and rear cross traffic alert, rear collision mitigation, and driver alertness monitoring. Adaptive cruise control featuring full stop-and-go functionality along with lane keeping and centering with lane departure warning are also standard fare.
The Polestar 3 stands out for its unfussy good looks, user-friendly operating interface, and sporty ride, though its cargo bay isn’t as useful as some because of the rearward sloping roofline.
We certainly hope Polestar’s challenges don’t prove fatal. It has lost money every year since it was spun off from Volvo, had to delay production of the 3 for almost a year because of software issues, and hasn’t yet managed to achieve widespread name recognition in the U.S. Still, its vehicles are world-class EVs and the Polestar 3 belongs on any premium performance SUV shopper’s must-test list.
An anti-EV narrative is emerging around battery electric vehicles in the U.S.: “the market is slowing” and “the EV tipping point is years away and may never arrive.”
Like many narratives, there’s an element of truth. EV sales aren’t increasing as quickly as a few years ago. And there are headwinds with the removal of some federal incentives that were pushing EV sales and charging infrastructure. But this misses a larger point we see in the McKinsey Center for Future Mobility’s annual Consumer Pulse survey. There is a lot of strength in the EV market, especially if you include transition vehicles like plug-in hybrids and extended-range EVs (EREVs).
What do the sales say? In the first quarter of 2025, automakers sold 374,841 electric vehicles in the U.S., including battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid (PHEV), and fuel-cell electric vehicles. That was 9.6 percent of the overall light-vehicle market. The two quarters before that, EV sales eclipsed 10 percent of the market. Year over year, EV sales increased by 9 percent, compared with a 5.6 percent for overall car sales.
This was a slower increase than the last few years, to be sure. In 2021, the EV market nearly doubled. In 2022 and 2023, it grew by 62 percent and 35 percent. On the other hand, just five years ago, EV market share was 2 percent. Now it’s 10 percent.
There are headwinds. U.S. automakers continue to struggle with making EVs profitable. Consumer EV subsidies will end Sept. 30. In the short term, we’re seeing a bump in sales as consumers who were on the fence rush to buy before the deadline. Over the longer term, there is going to be far less government support and funding for public infrastructure. That’s a challenge, but it also may make it more straightforward for private investors. Improving availability and reliability of public chargers will be up to them alone.
Yet, even with the US slowdown, the International Energy Agency predicts EVs will account for 40 percent of global auto sales by 2040, versus 20 percent in 2024. As longtime auto journalist Mike Colias says in his new book, “InEVitable: Inside the Messy, Unstoppable Transition to Electric Vehicles,” the forces pushing legacy automakers toward electrification – Tesla and the Chinese – aren’t letting up.
“As messy as the EV story is today, automakers can’t afford to rip up their EV strategies,” Colias says.
Perhaps the biggest determinant if EV momentum will see a resurgence is the availability of much more affordable EVs (like we see e.g., in China). Given the still high battery cost this is difficult, and with the subsidies going away that challenge just got bigger.
An important question is what’s next? Will the electric vehicle market forever be a niche, or is slowing sales growth a mere bump in the road?
According to our models, the U.S. policy changes will slow down rather than stop the shift to electric vehicles. We think the adoption curve could be pushed out by five years or more. Recent regulatory changes also give U.S. automakers more time to get EVs profitable and more powertrain flexibility to focus on hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and extended-range EVs. They will need to be adaptable, and they will need to spread capital investments across multiple electrified powertrains with flexible platforms.
The McKinsey Consumer Pulse survey, which hails from our Center for Future Mobility, has some other important information for the industry trying to adapt to the new landscape. We have been polling consumers going back to 2016 to measure how attitudes are changing each year. This year’s survey included about 26,000 car owners around the world. What we’re seeing should give confidence to those who are rooting for more electrification.
First, there’s not a lot of backsliding among people who actually own BEVs. More than three-fourths of BEV owners say their next car will be battery-electric. Of the 24 percent who say they’ll switch, 5 of 8 say they’ll go with a plug-in hybrid, not gasoline. Only 1 percent say they’ll never go back to electric.
Second, while the growth of the overall EV market is slowing in the U.S., results vary widely by region. In California, Washington and Oregon – states where there have been major investments in infrastructure – EV adoption rates are on par with Europe. Other states on the East and West Coasts are seeing much more rapid EV adoption. For example, 19 percent of Maryland vehicle owners say their next car will be a BEV, even though the electric-vehicle market share is just north of 12 percent today.
By contrast, there are some states with a larger rural population mix where fewer than 4 percent of consumers say their next vehicle will run on batteries alone. This underscores the huge difference between urban, suburban, and rural consumers. Overall in U.S. urban areas, 51 percent say their next vehicle will be BEV or PHEV. In rural areas, it’s 18 percent.
A third differentiator is age. The younger the consumers, the more likely they will shift to electric soon. For Gen Z, 47 percent say they’ll buy a BEV or PHEV next. For Millennials, it’s 45 percent. It drops to 22 percent for Generation X and 21 percent for the Baby Boomers.
The most important finding may be the role that PHEVs are playing in the electric transition. Because of their smaller battery packs, they’re cheaper than BEVs. And since they run on gasoline when their EV-only miles are used up, there’s no range anxiety. But this taste of battery power acts like a gateway drug. Once they realize battery power can meet most of their needs, they keep going. Households that were holding onto a second, gasoline-powered car are ready to give it up for their next vehicle.
Another class of vehicle that may serve as a bridge is known as an extended-range EV, or EREV. These are similar to PHEVs, but instead of having an engine that can put the vehicle in motion, an EREV’s gas engine serves only as a generator to charge the battery pack. EREVs like the Ramcharger are coming to the U.S., with more electric-only range and total driving range than a typical PHEV. In China, where they’re more common, twice as many consumers say their next vehicle will be an EREV than say they’ll buy a conventional gas-powered vehicle.
The biggest determinant of EV sales over the long term will depend on the availability of much more affordable electric vehicles, the kind that are available in China today. For now, U.S. automakers will breathe a sigh of relief, gaining several years, and at least one product cycle more, to make EVs more profitable. They also know there is increasing risk of falling further behind Chinese OEMs who now sell more than 50 percent ‘new energy vehicles’ domestically and are building massive capacity for global EV exports with high tech content per vehicle at affordable prices.
What’s the bottom line? The full picture isn’t one of a stagnant U.S. market. It’s one of a market that is changing in significant ways. Key states and regions are already at the tipping point for EVs while others will continue to be slow to adopt. Important demographics like urban and young consumers are going electric. If PHEVs and EREVs become more common, that taste of electrification may accelerate changing attitudes and expectations.
Beyond the market slowdown and the removal of incentives, we can see signs of continued movement toward hybridization and electrification. It confirms what we have long known: consumers still have plenty of voice in the market’s actions.
Philipp Kampshoff is a senior partner and global co-leader of McKinsey’s Automotive & Assembly practice, based in Houston, and Patrick Hertzke is a partner and co-leader of McKinsey’s Center for Future Mobility, based in Boston.
Hyundai has been involved in hydrogen vehicle research and development for nearly three decades now, a nod to the company’s vision that hydrogen may well play an important part in our motoring future. That future seems more plausible given the vast deposits of extractible geologic ‘natural’ hydrogen recently discovered in the U.S. and around the world. The hydrogen NEXO fuel cell vehicle has been Hyundai’s most recent standard bearer in this realm since its debut in 2019.
The Korean automaker’s latest advancement is the debut of its second generation NEXO hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle, a nameplate that debuted at the Consumer Electronics Show as a replacement to the Tucson FCEV back in 2019. The all-new 2026 NEXO improves on its predecessor in important ways, not the least of which is its ability to drive a projected 400 miles courtesy of an improved fuel cell, higher output motor drive system, larger hydrogen tank, and bigger battery.
Longer, taller, and wider than the model that came before it, the all-new NEXO features a more chiseled appearance and improved aerodynamics for efficiency. Exterior design cues include bold lines, horizontal groove patterns, an arch-shaped cross section, distinctive HTWO headlamps, and four “dot” lamps within the grille that distinguish NEXO as a hydrogen fuel cell model. An extensive suite of driver assistance and active safety systems is provided. Six color choices will be available including Ocean Indigo Matte, Ecotronic Gray Pearl, Creamy White Pearl, Amazon Gray Metallic, Goyo Copper Pearl, and Phantom Black Pearl.
NEXO is designed to be more than just a sustainably powered vehicle. Its interior is replete with sustainable materials including bio-process leather, bio plastics, recycled PET fabric, bio paint, bio PU slab foam, and recycled automotive plastic waste. The spacious cabin’s design theme aims to impart the comfort of home through features like soft padding with patterns while also reinforcing its high-tech nature with a curved information display, dashboard-integrated digital side mirror displays, and an island-type center console with a 120-volt AC outlet powered by the vehicle’s high voltage battery.
Greater overall performance is delivered with a new power electronics system that increases NEXO’s total power output from its previous 184 horsepower to a new 258 horsepower rating. Battery output has doubled to 80 kW while hydrogen stack output has increased 16 percent to 110 kW. All this delivers improved 0-62 mph (0-100 km) acceleration in just 7.8 seconds, a 1.4 second improvement from the previous generation NEXO.
While available to global markets later this year, in the States the hydrogen NEXO will be available only in California. Price will be released closer to the NEXO’s launch date.
The electric vehicle (EV) industry in the United States stands at a pivotal moment. What once seemed like a rapid and inevitable shift from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to battery-powered alternatives has become a more complicated and uneven transition. A few years ago, automakers predicted EVs could account for 50 percent – or even 100 percent – of new-vehicle sales by the early 2030s. While we’re still bullish on the mass adoption of electrification, not just in personal transportation but also the energy storage systems and other industries, those initial forecasts face a reality shaped by economic, technological, political, and social hurdles.
Government policy has played a major role in the EV sector’s growth – and its recent turbulence. Subsidies, emissions targets, and infrastructure investments in recent years have spurred significant momentum. However, the new administration has re-evaluated EV tax credits while easing emissions standards and renewing support for fossil fuels.
Adding to the disruption are proposed 25 percent tariffs on vehicles, batteries, and components imported from Canada and Mexico, two crucial parts of the North American EV supply chain which has been optimized for more than 30 years. The potential for tariffs to upend established supply networks has led many manufacturers to delay or reconsider investments. This turbulence threatens not only EV growth but also the broader automotive sector, which depends on global sourcing and long-term planning.
While we are fully committed to U.S. battery cell manufacturing and onshoring as much of the supply chain as possible, there are still crucial elements of our supply chain that we source from abroad. Most artificial graphite is still processed in China – not because this is a difficult technology to master, but given that this is a low-tech, energy-intensive process that makes more sense to do in a country that has lower, government-subsidized energy costs.
It wouldn’t be impossible to onshore this process, but we’d first have to explore broader conversations as an industry and country about what elements of manufacturing are the most strategic, high-value, and worthy of bringing into our communities.
At the consumer level, EV adoption is proving slower and more complex than early forecasts suggested. High upfront costs, persistent range anxiety, inconsistent public charging infrastructure, and general consumer skepticism continue to act as barriers. Some industry analysts describe the slowdown as a natural, temporary “ebb,” common in technological transitions. Still, without major shifts in technology, infrastructure, and policy, achieving earlier market share projections looks increasingly unrealistic.
Until we help enable more affordable EV choices for customers, the industry will have to adjust to expectations and strategies to match the market’s more gradual pace.
Amid the instability, LG Energy Solution continues to be a key player. We’ve invested heavily across North America, with eight battery plants either completed or underway, including joint ventures with major global automakers such as General Motors, Honda, Hyundai, and Stellantis. We also have three wholly-owned cell-makings plants in Holland and Lansing, Michigan, along with Queen Creek, Arizona.
Despite our presence in the industry, we still face the same headwinds as the broader market: rising material costs, supply chain disruptions, and uncertain demand. Building massive battery capacity is a bet on sustained EV growth – a bet that, while logical in the long run, carries substantial short- and medium-term risks.
Mass EV adoption will require more than a steady battery supply and affordable vehicle choices that meet customers’ range requirements. Critical technological and infrastructure challenges must be solved. Industry studies point to several areas for development, including:
We, like other industry leaders, continue to invest in R&D to improve battery chemistry and formulas that balance cost and energy density. We’re also interested in helping expand charging infrastructure, where compatibility and reliability issues remain hurdles for EV drivers.
However, scaling public charging infrastructure, especially in rural and underserved areas, requires significant investment that private companies alone cannot deliver. Federal, state, and local governments play essential roles in filling these infrastructure gaps.
Affordability remains another major barrier to EV adoption. Although the price gap has narrowed – ICE vehicles averaged about $48,000 in 2024 compared with $56,000 for EVs – the difference remains significant for many consumers. Federal tax credits and automaker discounts have helped, but with incentives under political scrutiny, affordability concerns could deepen.
Part of this is on us as an industry to give customers a good reason to embrace EVs. Faster, cheaper, better products always win in the marketplace. We’ve achieved two of these elements with EVs, and you could realistically argue that China, with its more mature and developed EV market, is already there. I believe that as we make EVs more affordable – think $30,000/300-mile range vehicles – mass adoption will inevitably follow.
Tariffs add further pressure. If imposed broadly, tariffs on critical minerals, battery components, and finished vehicles could raise costs at a time when lower prices are essential to broader EV adoption. While automakers and suppliers develop contingency plans to manage supply disruptions, there is no substitute for a stable, cooperative trade environment when it comes to building a resilient EV ecosystem.
Despite current challenges, the long-term outlook for EVs remains strong. Governments globally continue pushing for cleaner transportation, consumers are becoming more comfortable with EVs, and technological advancements are steadily improving battery performance and reducing costs.
Still, the path forward will likely be slower and more uneven than early projections suggested. In fact, some smaller or less diversified players may struggle or exit the market. Industry consolidation among battery makers, automakers, and suppliers seems increasingly likely.
As the battery cell and related industries consolidate in the next few years, LG Energy Solution is in an advantageous position as an established company with mature technology, a high and consistent production yield rate, and more than 70,000 battery-related patents across the spectrum of different chemistries, form factors, and other technology. We plan to ride out the current storm, and we’re actually seeing more interest from potential OEM partners who appreciate that we’re a safe long-term bet.
LG Energy Solution’s investments position it to navigate volatility and competition. However, success will depend not just on existing scale but on continuous innovation, cost control, partnerships, and political flexibility.
Beyond battery production, LG Energy Solution is exploring broader opportunities in the future of urban mobility. In Detroit, for example, the company has supported early discussions about creating EV-exclusive zones that could serve as test beds for new urban transportation models. While these ideas are still in development, they illustrate the increasingly complex ecosystem that EV suppliers must engage with – one that includes cities, utilities, tech firms, and real estate developers.
Still, real transformation will require broad collaboration. Transforming urban areas into EV-friendly environments demands regulatory changes, infrastructure investments, consumer education, and cross-sector coordination on an unprecedented scale.
When it comes to capital-intensive industries like batteries and complex technology that offers long-term but perhaps not immediate payoffs, some government support is helpful to spur adoption and seed investment and growth. Make no mistake, we do not believe that subsidies like the 30D and 45X credits from the IRA are a long-term solution, but they have both played an essential role in getting this vital, strategic industry established in the U.S.
It’s also important to note that LG Energy Solution was investing in U.S. battery production long before the advent of the IRA, and we will continue to do so, even in a changing political environment as we believe in the long-term prospects of the technology in this market.
The EV transition is not a straight path; It is a complex evolution filled with fits and starts, shaped by shifting political winds, economic uncertainties, and technological hurdles. We are helping to drive this transformation, but the industry’s success will depend on efforts far beyond those of any single company.
With careful planning, public-private cooperation and a willingness to adapt to changing realities, the vision of a sustainable, electrified future remains within reach. The question is not whether the transition will happen – but how quickly, how smoothly, and who will still be standing when it does.
Robert Lee is President of LG Energy Solution North America.
The electric vehicle (EV) industry is no longer emerging – it’s a global race. You don’t need headlines to see the electric revolution underway; you just need to look around. From quiet electric lawnmowers to battery-powered tools and sleek EVs in driveways, electrification is here, and it’s being driven by real consumer choice – not just regulations.
Electric technologies are more efficient, quieter, and cleaner. But full-scale electrification still faces major hurdles, especially in how we power EVs and manage that power once it’s onboard. At the heart of this transformation is the challenge of managing energy on both sides of the plug: from the grid to the vehicle, and from the battery to the wheels.
This is where Eaton excels. With over a century of experience managing electrical and mechanical power, Eaton brings a unique, system-level perspective to electrification, delivering smarter solutions for both infrastructuring and vehicle architecture.
Before an EV can drive a mile, its power must travel through a complex web of electrical infrastructure. The real bottleneck to deploying EV charging at homes, businesses, and public sites isn’t hardware, it’s ensuring the grid can handle the added load.
Eaton’s Electrical Sector has long powered critical infrastructure like hospitals and data centers. Today, that same expertise is helping to scale EV charging networks. From circuit breakers and switchgear to UPS systems and advanced metering, Eaton’s portfolio ensures that power can be delivered safely, reliably, and efficiently.
To simplify deployment, Eaton partnered with ChargePoint, combining chargers, power distribution gear, and engineering services into a single solution. This streamlines electrification for businesses and municipalities.
Looking ahead, Eaton and ChargePoint are also developing bidirectional charging and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) capabilities. These technologies will allow EVs to feed power back to homes or the grid, turning vehicles into mobile energy assets.
Managing energy doesn’t stop at the charging cable. Inside the vehicle, power must be used wisely to maximize range, performance, and safety. Eaton’s Mobility Group brings decades of experience in vehicle power electronics, safety systems, and drivetrains to meet this challenge.
One example is Eaton’s Battery Disconnect Unit with Breaktor protection, which integrates the functions of fuses, contactors, and pyro switches into a single, compact device. This innovation enhances safety by enabling ultra-fast fault isolation while reducing the number of components – making electric vehicles lighter, more efficient, and more reliable.
Another innovation is the Battery Configuration Switch (BCS), developed with Munich Electrification. It allows EVs to seamlessly switch between 400-volt and 800-volt charging systems without compromising performance, improving both compatibility and reliability.
One of the most overlooked challenges in EV design – especially for commercial vehicles – is drivetrain performance. Traditional direct-drive EV systems struggle with acceleration, high-speed efficiency, and gradeability, especially when carrying heavy loads.
Eaton solves this with a portfolio of EV transmissions purpose-built to improve torque, efficiency, and flexibility across light-, medium-, and heavy-duty commercial vehicle platforms.
Its heavy-duty 4-speed EV transmission, recognized as a 2024 Automotive News PACEpilot Innovation to Watch, delivers smooth launches on 30 percent grades and maintains highway speeds on inclines as steep as 7 percent. The transmission leverages a proven layshaft architecture – common in automated manual transmissions (AMTs) – but reengineered for EVs. Without a clutch, gear shifts are synchronized by the traction motor, resulting in greater efficiency and seamless performance.
Medium-duty EVs benefit from 4- and 6-speed variants that have logged over 2 billion real-world miles. Their lightweight countershaft design and electric gear actuation allow for smaller, more efficient motors – reducing battery size and improving range.
Also, part of the lineup is Eaton’s ultra-compact 4-speed transmission, which delivers exceptional torque density, more payload capacity, extended range, and added space for battery packaging. This design makes it easier for OEMs to tailor powertrains to their specific duty cycles.
Together, these EV transmissions help overcome the limitations of direct-drive systems, providing diesel-like performance while improving acceleration, climbing ability, and highway cruising efficiency. This matters in real-world applications where every percent of efficiency and every pound of payload makes a difference.
In EVs, even the smallest components can have an outsized impact on performance. Eaton continues to lead in terminals and connectors that maximize conductivity and minimize heat loss. Products like high-power lock box terminals and RigiFlex busbars ensure efficient power flow to critical subsystems – from infotainment and climate control to traction motors and braking.
These components support flexible vehicle architectures, enabling OEMs to customize designs while maintaining safety and performance.
Reliability is critical, especially in crash scenarios. Eaton’s dual-trigger pyro fuses act like airbags for the electrical system, disconnecting power instantly in the event of a crash. Combined with Breaktor technology and Bussmann EV fuses, Eaton offers a full spectrum of circuit protection tailored to evolving EV requirements.
These systems help EVs meet the toughest safety standards without adding unnecessary weight or complexity – an essential balance for today’s high-performance electric vehicles.
What sets Eaton apart isn’t just one standout product, it’s the company’s ability to manage power from the transformer to the transmission. The Electrical Sector ensures grid readiness and smart infrastructure. The Mobility Group ensures vehicles are equipped to use that power safely and efficiently.
Few companies have the breadth and depth to support the entire EV power journey. Fewer still have done so with the legacy of safety, innovation, and sustainability that Eaton brings to every product it builds.
Electrification is no longer a dream – it’s happening. But to reach its full potential, the industry needs partners who understand how to connect every dot in the power ecosystem. Eaton manages both sides of the plug, and that may be exactly what the EV industry needs to bridge the gap between promise and progress.
Mike Froehlich is Global Vice President of Engineering-eMobility at Eaton., an intelligent power management company that makes products for the mobility, utility, industrial, aerospace, and other markets.
Today’s news is all about electric cars, or at least electrified variations of the cars, trucks, and SUVs we’ve come to rely on over the years. It wasn’t always that way. In fact, for decades there was wide recognition that our driving needs might be well-served with an array of fuels and technologies and that maximum mpg was an increasingly important goal. The reason was, and is, clear: Greater fuel economy means less fuel is used for every mile driven, and thus carbon emissions are greatly reduced. This was the focus of the Automotive X Prize and the innovative teams that strived to demonstrate extreme fuel efficiency. The Alé shown here from FuelVapor Technologies was one such entrant that caught our editors’ attention back in 2007. This article, drawn from Green Car Journal’s extensive archives, appears here just as it ran in the magazine’s Summer 2007 issue.
Excerpted from Summer 2007 issue: FuelVapor Technologies has shown the technology it plans to use to capture an Automotive X-Prize, a competition with multi-million dollar prizes for the fastest car that gets over 100 miles per gallon. Entered in the alternative category requiring only two-passenger capacity, the company’s innovative and futuristic three-wheel Alé carries two in tandem. The mainstream X-Prize category requires four seats.
Power delivered to the front two wheels comes from a modified 1.5-liter, four-cylinder Honda engine. The turbocharged, two-stage single cam VTEC engine produces 180 horsepower. To achieve its super-high mpg goals, FuelVapor Technologies has developed a sophisticated electronic gasoline vapor fuel management system that vaporizes the gasoline, allowing the engine to run with extremely lean air-fuel ratios for maximum mpg.
How important is this? Compared to most gasoline engines that operate on a 14.7:1 air-to-fuel ratio, FuelVapor’s patent pending system can run on a ratio of over 20:1. The vaporized mixture is delivered to the front of the stock throttle body. During light-duty cruising, the engine’s regular fuel injectors are shut off and the engine runs only on the vapors.
Currently, the system appears to be optimized for performance, so the company claims “only” 92 mpg on regular gasoline at this point in time. For example, the 1400 pound, 174-inch long car can accelerate from 0-60 mpg in under 5 seconds and has an electronically limited top speed of 140 mph. It achieves super-low emissions without a catalytic converter and CO2 emissions are also reduced by 30 percent.
The car’s aerodynamically efficient design uses a hand-laid fiberglass composite body over a full tube frame with roll cage. Other features include a Honda CRX-based adjustable coilover spring front suspension, single-sided swing arm with fully adjustable coilover spring rear suspension, Porsche 911 rack-and-pinion steering, and disc brakes on all three wheels.
All this comes together to allow the Alé to easily pull 1.7 g’s in corners...on street tires. Plans are for limited production of Alés to begin in 2008.
As we stand at the threshold of transportation's electric future, there's an uncomfortable truth we must confront: the very infrastructure that supported EV adoption's early phase is now poised to become its greatest limitation. Global EV sales are set to capture 20 percent of the market this year, with projections showing this could exceed 60 percent by the mid-2030s. In the United States alone, the electric fleet is expected to grow from approximately 5 million vehicles today to between 26-27 million by 2030, according to analyses from both Edison Electric Institute and PwC, eventually reaching a staggering 92 million by 2040. But beneath these impressive growth curves lies a critical vulnerability few are discussing – our charging infrastructure is fundamentally misaligned with the coming wave of mass-market adoption.
The revolution that began with early adopters choosing EVs for environmental and technological reasons is now evolving into a mass-market transformation. But there's a critical disconnect between this projected growth and our ability to support it. The EV revolution will move at the speed of its infrastructure. Without a fundamental shift in charging architecture, we'll hit that wall where EVs are increasingly popular but increasingly difficult to charge.
Current charging solutions were designed for yesterday's EV market – a market characterized by limited demand and modest infrastructure requirements. These systems typically scale to just eight charging points per power cabinet, require disproportionate grid upgrades for expansion, and can't efficiently serve the growing diversity of vehicles from compact cars to commercial trucks.
This creates a three-fold problem:
For years, the industry has engaged in marketing increasingly powerful chargers as the primary metric of innovation. That era is ending. The new competitive battleground will be intelligent power distribution: getting the right amount of power to the right vehicle at the right time – every time! This shift represents charging infrastructure's evolution from a relatively simple fueling model to a sophisticated energy management system that maximizes throughput and return on investment.
When one vehicle needs 50kW and another needs 250kW, the infrastructure should seamlessly accommodate both without overprovisioning or underserving either. This capability – dynamic power allocation based on real-time demand – marks the difference between yesterday's charging paradigm and tomorrow's.
These limitations aren't merely technical challenges. They create practical and economic barriers that threaten to derail the EV transition:
Without a fundamental shift in charging architecture, we face a future where EVs become increasingly popular but increasingly difficult to charge. The market could stall precisely when it should be accelerating.
After over a decade pioneering DC fast charging technology, we at Tritium recognized this fundamental challenge requires more than incremental improvements. It demands a complete reimagining of charging architecture.
"Today marks a paradigm shift in EV charging infrastructure," I noted during our unveiling of TRI-FLEX at ACT Expo 2025. "TRI-FLEX is not just an incremental improvement but a fundamental reimagining of distributed charging architecture designed to scale efficiently at the speed of coming demand in the market."
The core innovation is what we call ultra-scaling distributed architecture – a revolutionary approach that enables unprecedented flexibility and scalability:
The architecture fundamentally changes how we think about scaling charging infrastructure: "Think of traditional charging like having separate water heaters for every shower in your house – inefficient, expensive, and difficult to scale," as I explained to industry analysts. "TRI-FLEX is like one smart water heater serving many showers simultaneously, giving each precisely the temperature and pressure it needs."
This isn't just a technological advancement – it's an economic breakthrough that transforms the financial equation for charging infrastructure deployment:
For drivers, this means the near elimination of "the last vestiges of range anxiety." Going forward, the biggest pain point won't be vehicle range – it will be finding available chargers when and where you need them. TRI-FLEX changes that equation by allowing for fast, cost-effective scaling of EV charging locations that can keep up with accelerating demand.
The coming EV surge – growing from today's early adoption phase to projected fleets of 27 million by 2030 and 92 million by 2040 in the U.S. alone – requires infrastructure that can scale without bounds, optimize without waste, and adapt without replacement.
Ultra-scaling distributed architecture isn't just an option for the future of charging – it's an imperative if we want to remove the final barrier between early adoption and mainstream electrification. Without this evolution, we risk creating the very bottleneck that could stall the EV revolution.
For operators, the choice is clear: continue with architectures designed for yesterday's market or embrace solutions that align with tomorrow's demand. The stakes couldn't be higher – not just for individual businesses but for the entire transition to sustainable transportation. The EV revolution needs infrastructure that can move at the speed of its ambition. That infrastructure begins with ultra-scaling distributed architecture.
Arcady Sosinov is the CEO of Tritium, a global leader in DC fast chargers for electric vehicles.
Trucking fleets operating RNG-fueled trucks save money, slash emissions, and benefit from proven, affordable, clean technology without delay and without compromising existing business operations. RNG is a solution that allows fleets to achieve better than zero results immediately. It is not just carbon reductions that are in play, however. More demanding federal limits on nitrogen oxide emissions and increased durability requirements for new engines make RNG a smart choice for truck operators looking for an alternative to diesel trucks and their increasingly complex emission control systems.
2024 saw the launch of Cummins’ highly anticipated 15L X15N engine, leading a suite of Cummins natural gas engines serving commercial operators. Available now in Peterbilt, Kenworth, and Freightliner chassis, the X15N delivers up to 500 horsepower and torque of up to 1,850 lb-ft, providing a viable workhorse alternative to traditional diesel engines.
Additionally, the Volvo Group’s and Westport Fuel System’s Cespira joint venture is continuing efforts to accelerate the growth of High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) technology into North America. Volvo already uses this technology in Europe for its natural gas internal combustion engine offerings. HPDI technology can run on zero- or carbon-neutral fuels (i.e. hydrogen and biomethane) with diesel-like fuel efficiency, power, and torque.
There are approximately 1,200 heavy-duty natural gas fueling stations in the U.S. While nearly all natural gas motor fuel dispensed in California is RNG, it’s not just California fleets that have access to it. In 2024, 63 percent of RNG motor fuel use occurred outside of California, up from 57 percent in 2023.
The carbon intensity (CI) of renewable natural gas motor fuel continues to drop. Derived from landfills, wastewater, forest waste, food waste, and agricultural waste, RNG continues to make up more and more of the natural gas motor fuel market. In 2023, 79 percent of natural gas used in on-road transportation was RNG, up from 69 percent in 2022. Since RNG is interchangeable with any natural gas vehicle (NGV), RNG is one ultra-low-carbon/carbon-negative fuel that does not require the build-out of new specific infrastructure since it is dispensed from existing stations.
Data from the California Air Resources Board shows the average carbon intensity of the bio-CNG mix sold in California in 2024 dropped to -194 gCO2e/MJ, the lowest CI of any transportation fuel or technology in the state, including electric. That means that fleets operating natural gas vehicles in California are achieving a carbon-negative transportation outcome today.
Sourced domestically, natural gas motor fuel is less volatile to global market swings, providing price stability and savings to fleets of all sizes compared to traditional fuels. Toward the end of 2024 the price for natural gas was $0.70 to $0.83 less than diesel in some regions of the country. For fleets with trucks that drive tens of thousands of miles and consume significant gallons of fuel, the price differential results in real savings and helps to offset the higher price of natural gas trucks.
It is also important to highlight that fleets contracting for RNG often see even more savings as they can benefit from economic value associated with renewable identification numbers and in some cases low-carbon fuel credits or clean fuel credits. Under the U.S. EPA’s Renewable Fuel Standard Program, RNG sales generate RINs that can be sold to obligated parties (e.g. fuel marketers and fleet users), sometimes for several dollars per gallon equivalent. For fleets moving to natural gas trucks, ensuring that they are negotiating with fuel suppliers for a portion of the value of RNG credits can be critical to achieving a lower overall total operation of cost and accelerating payback.
Another important financial incentive for NGV fleets has been the $0.50/gallon Alternative Fuel Tax Credit (AFTC). Fleets interested in building their own fueling facilities also benefit from the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit that is now worth $100,000 per qualifying piece of alternative fuel refueling equipment. Of course, changes in Washington are spurring change in energy and tax policy. The outlook for extending incentives that favor natural gas and domestic renewable fuels like RNG is bullish. The Transport Project’s top priority this year is securing passage of the Renewable Natural Gas Incentive Act, which would provide a $1.00/gallon tax credit to end users of natural gas motor fuel derived from renewable sources.
Perhaps more so than any time in the recent past, the regulatory outlook for truck emission requirements is extremely volatile. California’s regulatory future is uncertain. To make increasing emission reduction gains quickly in the commercial space, California regulators should reembrace ultra-low-carbon, near-zero technologies like RNG-fueled trucks. At the federal level, U.S. EPA’s reopening of its Phase 3 HD GHG regulations likely will also support the growth of technologies like RNG.
NGVs fueled by RNG offer a more cost-effective, less disruptive yet still progressive compliance schedule for commercial fleets of all shapes and sizes. RNG-fueled trucks allow fleets the ability to affordably comply today on their road to achieving full carbon neutrality.
Daniel J. Gage is President of The Transport Project, a national coalition dedicated to the decarbonization of North America’s transportation sector through the increased use of gaseous motor fuels including renewable natural gas and hydrogen.
The clean fuels industry has always been about more than emissions reductions. It’s about economic opportunity, rural investment, health benefits, and energy security. This spring, we’ve seen those priorities drive meaningful investment and policy momentum.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) recently released $537 million in funding for 543 projects in 29 states through the Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program (HBIIP). The HBIIP grants provide matching funds for companies investing in new pumps, fuel storage, distribution, and transportation infrastructure needed to deliver clean fuels to consumers. The program, which receives bipartisan congressional support, is effectively expanding market access for biodiesel across the country. These infrastructure upgrades will help producers supply better, cleaner fuels to states and regions where consumer demand is quickly increasing.
This commitment from USDA arrives at a moment of remarkable progress and unity in clean fuels policy. After more than 15 years of regulatory and political battles over Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) volumes, fuel producers, farmers and refiners are speaking with one voice. Clean Fuels Alliance America, the American Petroleum Institute, American Soybean Association, National Oilseed Processors Association, and other stakeholders have come together to support timely, robust RFS volumes for 2026.
In March, we joined industry partners in a unified request to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): set the 2026 Biomass-Based Diesel (BBD) volume at 5.25 billion gallons. This target reflects both the industry’s current capacity and the growing demand for low-carbon fuels. Following lower-than-expected volumes set for 2023-2025, which contributed to delayed facility startups and job losses, there’s a clear opportunity for EPA to restore certainty and confidence. Setting a 5.25-billion-gallon volume for 2026 would signal stability and help the industry regain momentum.
Demand is already surging. In 2024, U.S. consumption of biodiesel, renewable diesel, and SAF reached 5.1 billion gallons. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects that will grow to 5.5 billion gallons in 2026. Rail and shipping companies are joining the clean fuels movement because biodiesel and renewable diesel are decarbonization tools readily available now. Six major U.S. railroads became Clean Fuels members in the past year alone. The new infrastructure supported by HBIIP grants will help meet this surging demand.
The feedstock side is equally strong. Soybean processors have invested over $6 billion to expand or build 20 crush plants in 10 states, according to analysis by S&P Global on behalf of NOPA. Those investments will support an additional 1.4 billion gallons of biofuel production by 2030. In 2024, U.S. producers used over a billion pounds of domestic soybean oil each month – a 15 percent increase since 2022. That strong demand added an estimated $1.10 of value to every bushel of soybeans grown.
The economic case is just as compelling. The U.S. biomass-based diesel industry currently supports 107,400 jobs and adds $42.4 billion to the U.S. economy, according to GlobalData. With expected growth, that impact could rise to 145,700 jobs and over $60 billion in economic activity. From farms and rendering facilities to processing plants and fuel terminals, this is American energy in action.
As 16 bipartisan U.S. Senators reminded EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin in April, we’ve seen what happens when RVOs are set too low. Producers pull back. Markets decline. Communities suffer. We cannot afford another year of policy misalignment. With stakeholders united and the infrastructure investments in place, EPA must seize this moment to align policy with opportunity.
Clean Fuels and industry stakeholders are urging EPA to finalize a 5.25-billion-gallon BBD volume for 2026 and to raise that target to 5.75 billion gallons in 2027. These numbers aren’t ambitious, they’re realistic, and they reflect where the industry is today and where it’s going.
Clean fuels are America’s opportunity to lead in climate, commerce, and community. With smart policy, strategic investment. and continued collaboration, we can deliver cleaner air, stronger farms, and a more secure energy future.
Donnell Rehagen serves as the CEO for Clean Fuels Alliance America, the U.S. trade association representing the entire biodiesel, renewable diesel, and sustainable aviation fuel supply chain, including producers, feedstock suppliers, and fuel distributors.
The march toward electrification is still moving forward, even if the momentum has slowed in recent months. One key reason the positive push remains is the devoted legion of EV owners. This group has taken the plunge to go electric and they’re going to keep buying EVs well into the future.
For the second year in a row, CDK – one of the largest software suppliers to car dealers and automakers – surveyed hundreds of EV owners to better understand their day-to-day lives with the technology and their attitudes toward it. Four out of five (82 percent) owners say they’ll buy another EV in the future, a significant number that suggests a solid future for EV sales.
Nevertheless, 69 percent of owners say they’ll “always” own a gas or hybrid car along with an EV. This suggests they believe there are specific limitations to the technology and are hedging their bets. However, this contradicts many of the study’s findings that illustrate just how much owners utilize their EVs in all driving scenarios as well as a passion for the vehicles themselves.
In the 2024 study, the love for EVs was off the charts. This year, the numbers across the board feel less enthusiastic even though they’re still quite high. For example, when asked if they were happy with their purchase, 93 percent of EV owners last year said yes. In 2025, the number fell to a still healthy 86 percent. Does this mean the glow is fading? Perhaps.
But one significant change made to the CDK study makeup may have indirectly altered the results. Last year, CDK ensured half of the respondents were Tesla owners, reflecting the market share at the time. This year, noting the inroads of traditional automakers in the EV space and Tesla’s diminishing market share, the Tesla owner makeup is closer to a quarter of the respondents.
And Tesla owners are more enthusiastic about their car than other EV owners. Take those two factors and you get a pretty solid explanation for the lower overall results for owner satisfaction. Still, 68 percent of non-Tesla owners said their EV was the best car they’d ever owned, and 65 percent said it was the best car they’d ever driven. Tesla owners in comparison ranked those at 75 percent and 71 percent, respectively. The survey took place between the 2024 presidential election and 2025 presidential inauguration, so Elon Musk’s political leanings were well publicized over this period.
Each year new EVs improve and evolve with most delivering well over 200 miles of range. Nearly every new EV sold in California (the country’s largest EV market) had more than 200 miles of range in 2024. Three-quarters (76 percent) of respondents in the CDK study said their EVs had 350 miles of range or more. And that number was negatively impacted compared to the year before because of the lower number of Tesla owners because Teslas generally have ranges higher than 250 miles.
Still, these higher numbers had a big impact on charging behavior. Extensive range meant less people charged every day, falling from 38 percent last year to 34 percent this year. And the number who charge every third day grew from 20 percent to 23 percent.
Less EV owners are installing Level 2 chargers in their homes as well, falling from 76 percent last year to 63 percent this year. Nearly half (46 percent) said it was a “hassle” to deal with a charger, up from 36 percent last year. Of those without a home charger, 82 percent said they charge at a public charging network. Only 9 percent of these owners said they charge at work.
Longer range and faster charging time is improving the road trip experience as well. Almost half (45 percent) of EV owners said they faced no problems on long-distance trips in terms of charging or reaching their destination. The most common issue – with nearly a quarter of Tesla and non-Tesla owners – was occupied charging stations and having to wait. And road trips are getting longer. The number of owners who took road trips 750 miles or more grew from 18 percent to 27 percent
The debate on future EV sales often centers around the current tax incentives for both new and used EVs, which are likely to disappear by year-end. While this may significantly impact sales, especially EV lease transactions, most EV owners said tax incentives had little impact on their overall decision to go electric.
Just 7 percent of owners said the tax incentive was the top motivator to purchase an EV. The main motivation was cost efficiency with environmental impact second. More than three-quarters (76 percent) of owners said they saved money by driving an EV.
The future sales success of EVs may be in doubt with shifting economic and political winds, but by listening to owners, it’s apparent there will be a steady base of future buyers. Increasing range, additional models entering the EV market, and more infrastructure investments (private and public) should bolster the technology’s success as well. The biggest question on everyone’s mind is: Just how quickly will EV market share grow?
David Thomas is Director of Content Marketing at CDK Global, a leading provider of cloud-based software to dealerships and original equipment manufacturers across automotive and related industries.
Neighborhood electric vehicles – NEVs for short – are a category of low-speed vehicle that first gained significant attention during the early years of California’s Zero Emission Vehicle mandate. Approved by the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) for street use on roads with posted speed limits of 35 mph or less, these low-speed electric vehicles are positioned as meeting the needs of residents in planned communities, in downtowns and urban areas, on college and business campuses, and in other commercial and social settings. While federally approved, states and municipalities may also govern the use of NEVs with their own specific requirements. Interest in NEVs was high during the early ZEV years as several auto manufacturers hoped that lower-cost low-speed electric vehicles would help them meet the requirements of the state’s ZEV mandate at a manageable cost. That strategy didn’t come to pass, though NEVs continue to this day as they serve specific markets. Over two decades ago, Green Car Journal reported on the benefits of NEVs quantified by a pilot program in Southern California, where GEM electric vehicles – a brand then owned by DaimlerChrysler's Global Electric Motorcars and now by Waev Inc. – were used in place of residents’ conventional internal combustion vehicles over a two month period. To share this early insight on NEVs and their potential value in emissions reduction , we present this article just as it appeared in Green Car Journal’s December 2002 issue.
Excerpted from December 2002 Issue: Do neighborhood electric vehicles really save on emissions and energy use? That question has been the focus of an innovative pilot project that recently came to a close in the Southern California city of Chula Vista, near San Diego.
Here, 28 GEMs were placed with families at Heritage Village in Otay Ranch, one of the largest master-planned communities in the country. Otay Ranch incorporates a focus that integrates pedestrian and transit design with alternative modes of transportation. Neighborhood electric vehicles are a part of this focus.
The program was conducted by the nonprofit educational and research organization Green Car Institute, Mobility Lab, the City of Chula Vista, and DaimlerChrysler business unit Global Electric Motorcars. Its aim was to study how residents of master-planned communities travel within their neighborhoods, and whether short trips usually taken in automobiles could be replaced with zero-emission NEVs.
Over the course of 60 days, participants drove their GEMs daily and kept track of how they used these vehicles for work and play. Of particular interest in the data collection was how these vehicles offset the use of other modes of transportation.
And the results? Given a choice of travel modes for short trips, participants chose a NEV over their private cars 89 percent of the time. Study results also showed that NEV travel replaced walking 8 percent of the time and bicycling 3 percent of the time. Not surprisingly, participants in the study reported that while NEV travel was attractive for many purposes, no one was willing to replace their family sedan with one. Rather, the NEV was viewed as an added option when traveling short distances for routine trips.
“We’re very interested in these study results,” says Rick Kasper, president of Global Electric Motorcars, “because they document what we’ve seen during GEM's five years in the marketplace: that the NEV is a legitimate transportation tool, not just a novelty.” Kasper says the study results are important because they quantify the value of the GEM as a viable transportation and land use tool that can help shape the way cities and communities grow, by increasing individual mobility while decreasing traffic congestion and air pollution.
“The GEM vehicle can and does represent a practical travel option,” Kasper adds, “particularly when people take short trips of necessity, such as going to the store, picking up or dropping off kids at school, and going to work.”
The Otay Ranch study shows that of the trips taken in NEVs, some 49 percent were for purposes defined as “business” or “delivery,” meaning trips of necessity. Some 34 percent of the trips taken were classified as “leisure,” while 17 percent were designated “other.” Of the 28 families who participated in the test program, more than half plan to buy and regularly drive their test vehicles, a move that will further raise awareness of the GEM’s fun and functionality among the 7,000 households currently at Otay Ranch.
The Otay Ranch NEV program reinforces the development's goal of providing an environmentally sensitive and sustainable urban design, reducing traffic congestion and vehicle emissions, and showing the NEV’s practical use in a modern planned community. A key aim of the project was also to help the City of Chula Vista and the developers of Otay Ranch plan the community’s transportation infrastructure from the “inside out,” that is, from the user’s perspective, as opposed to the standard perspective coming from professional planners or traffic engineers.
Data generated from the Otay Ranch program, and the demonstration programs that are slated to follow it, will allow better understanding of the potential for neighborhood electric vehicles in American communities. This is especially important now when the market for NEVs is being questioned in some quarters and championed in others. Well-documented data will help answer the question.
GCJ editors note that use of neighborhood electric vehicles, which emit zero localized emissions, could have a dramatic effect on cold-start emissions in areas when large numbers of these vehicles are driven, in situations where low-speed vehicles are a good fit. Programs like this one in Chula Vista show on a small scale what could possibly be accomplished on a large scale, should communities embrace NEVs as an integral part of the transportation mix.