Integrating photovoltaic cells on vehicles is nothing new. In fact, solar-powered race cars have been around for more than 25 years, proving that the power of the sun can indeed provide enough energy to propel a car down the road.

Of course, these cars are ultra-lightweight and plastered with solar cells on every conceivable surface, tasked with carrying just a driver at a constant speed.

While not practical for driving as we know it, they are valuable engineering exercises that helped move the bar in developing electric vehicle efficiencies. Just one example is GM’s Sunraycer solar race car, built under the guidance of the renowned master of efficiencies, the late Paul MacCready of AeroVironment, which won the World Solar Challenge in Australia in 1987.

Lessons learned were applied to the GM Impact electric car prototype – precursor to the GM EV1 – that AeroVironment built under contract for GM and was unveiled by the automaker at the 1990 L.A. Auto Show.

Solar panels were notably integrated on the hood and rear deck of Solar Electric Engineering’s Destiny 2000, an electric car upfitted from a gasoline powered Pontiac Fiero we test drove back in 1994. Today, Audi uses a solar panel on its top-of-the-line A8. Toyota offers an optional Solar Roof package for the Prius.

While some might think these can help power an electric car, their relatively low energy output can realistically do little more than trickle-charge batteries or, more appropriately, power low-demand ventilation systems while an electric car is parked to help keep interior temperatures cooler on hot days without draining the battery.

Today there’s a new champion of solar ingenuity on the road. The Fisker Karma plug-in electric hybrid luxury sedan features probably the most sophisticated solar roof ever offered on a production model, using the world’s largest continuous-formed glass solar panel on an automobile. Not only does it keep the Karma’s interior cool on a hot day, but also supplies electricity to the car’s 12 volt system used for starting and accessories, relieving the high voltage lithium-ion battery system from tapping energy needed for driving. This can increase range, though admittedly a small amount.

To create the large solar panel, 80 small monocrystalline cells are individually hand-laid under automotive safety glass to follow the contours of the roof.  The solar panel has four electrically separate zones, each consisting of 20 cells in series. Each of the four zones incorporates MPP (maximum power point) tracking to optimize power output under various solar radiation angles and partial shading conditions. The splayed solar cell array design maximizes solar ray absorption under various lighting conditions, while the graphic accent running between the cells lends a unique and futuristic appearance.

A Karma driver can choose three solar power modes. In the Charging mode, as much solar energy as possible is stored in the battery. When Climate is chosen, solar power is used to ventilate the passenger compartment to reduce the effects of radiant heating. In the default Auto mode, the Karma will use solar power to maximize energy recovery and usage.

On a typical day, the solar panel supplies 0.5 kilowatt-hours of electricity. When used for battery charging, Fisker says over the course of a year that translates to maybe 200 emissions-free miles. That’s free energy, for sure. But how meaningful is that in the scheme of things? Like others before it, the Karma’s solar roof – with its imposing look and obvious green credentials – is a step in the right direction, showcasing innovation and yet another way to embrace renewable energy. It is an environmental friend, with benefits…but it’s hardly a statement that solar powered, highway capable cars are upon us. Still, free energy is, well…free energy…and we like it.

 

The opportunity to drive an array of electric cars back in the 1990s was enlightening on many levels, bringing home the realization that for many these cars were less than purposeful daily drivers. From my perspective, they were fun but also impractical for my longer driving needs. And as for their performance, well…good for electric cars but not so much compared to fun-to-drive, conventionally-powered competitors.

Segue to today and an opportunity to drive Honda’s new Fit EV. This electric car cuts a nice profile with its super-small exterior and provides a good amount of room for four inside. The new electric version is nearly identical in design to the gas powered edition with some slight modifications, including closing up the front air intake since it’s no longer required for engine cooling, plus some other subtle changes that only EV enthusiasts might spot. While early prototypes had huge ‘EV’ stickers on the flanks, our vehicles did not. Thank you for that, Honda.

The standard Fit has decent around-town handling and simple-to-operate controls, making it the perfect wrapper for Honda’s latest electric car content. Power is supplied by a 123 horsepower electric motor generating 188 lb.-ft. torque. The Fit EV is rated by EPA at a mile-per-gallon-equivalency of 118 MPGe.

Inside, the EV instrumentation is pleasantly direct without the standard video game styling that often overwhelms a driver in cars with this level of forward-thinking electronics. Among the controls of note here are those for the Fit EV’s three driving modes and a battery detente in the center mounted shifter that, when selected, increases regenerative braking during coast-down.

Each driving mode is indicated by color-keyed illumination within the instrument panel that changes from green for economy to white for normal and red for sport. The mode selected affects performance and the amount of battery power available for driving range. During our drive the least amount of range was achieved in the performance mode with the most in economy mode, as expected.

The Fit EV is a highly capable vehicle that comfortably transports four adults. Handling is surprisingly good for a car equipped with 20 kWh worth of lithium-ion batteries. It cut neatly through a Honda-staged slalom and braking course, exhibiting an ability to confidently handle transients faster than most drivers will require in the real world. Steering input is predictable and braking excellent. Frankly, it’s surprising how well the Fit EV handles when pushed to discover its limits, allowing induced oversteer when requested and plenty of squealing tires with a stab of the throttle in the sport mode. Transitioning to drives on Pasadena city streets replete with hills and curves was pleasant and uneventful.

Those interested in Honda’s new Fit EV will find this electric available at a monthly lease cost of $369 for 39 months with no money down, starting in select markets in California and Oregon. The Fit EV is not available for purchase, an oddity that harkens back to the electric vehicle test marketing days of the 1990s when lease-only arrangements were status-quo.

With its good looks, snappy EV performance, and three-hour recharge time on a 240-volt system, the Fit EV should be popular with today’s electric car enthusiasts and mesh well with many lifestyles. It’s capable of covering 82 zero-emission miles per charge by EPA estimates – and in real-life driving, certainly more – and does this without compromising on the looks and driving fun that’s important to so many of us. It could be, for many, the perfect fit.