Let’s face it, even though the stakes are quite often very high, environmental rule making is rarely dramatic. Rules generally move at a glacial pace through extensive review processes at both the state and federal levels. That is why the California Air Resources Board’s (CARB) decision on January 13, 2025, to drop its pursuit of a federal approval for its Advanced Clean Fleet’s (ACF) rule stunned the state and nation!
Adopted on April 28, 2023, the ACF would have required approximately 532,000 of the estimated 1.8 million trucks operating in California to reach zero emission between 2024 and 2045. The rule represented a sea change for the trucking industry, introducing new technologies and fuels. For the long-suffering environmental justice communities, it represented a vital chance to reduce the double threats of unhealthy air and future climate change that result from truck tailpipe emissions.
However, the Trump administration had loudly vowed to kill this rule, largely based on significant opposition from the trucking industry and other states, from Trump’s own fossil fuel agenda, and from a fundamental objection to California setting its own vehicle emissions standards. Many who followed the rule believed that California would go to the courts to defend the ACF as a cornerstone of the state’s environmental justice, air quality, and climate policies. But it was not to be and the ACF died with a whimper and without the expected legal knife fight.
In its statement explaining the sudden shift, CARB Chair Liane Randolph said, "The withdrawal is an important step given the uncertainty presented by the incoming administration that previously attacked California's programs to protect public health and the climate and has said will continue to oppose those programs." However, many of those closest to the rule believe that this was just a smoke screen to cover California’s retreat from what they describe as a fatally flawed regulation reliant on unworkable and immature technologies.
During the lead up to the ACFs adoption in April 2023, CARB was deluged with comments from the trucking industry, environmental activists, local, state and federal agencies, and nongovernmental and special interest groups including local chambers of commerce and the powerful Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA). To its credit, CARB tried to provide access to its rule making process to as many stakeholders as possible. But with so much noise coming from every corner, the agency largely stuck with its own council.
This is not unusual, and many of us who have worked with CARB believe that the input process is largely performative – a box is checked and they move on. In their defense, CARB has had extraordinary successes operating like this. Take for example California’s passenger electric vehicle (EV) rule making, its cap-and-trade program, and the large reductions of harmful diesel emissions its rules have achieved at California’s container ports. So, while the trucking industry was animatedly pointing out that there was no electric power or hydrogen infrastructure capable of fueling their fleets, they were largely being ignored.
CARB was also ignoring significant concerns being voiced by California’s Investor-Owned Utilities (IOUs), possibly viewing their input as foot dragging. In written comments on the ACF on October 17, 2022, PG&E noted “as the provider of electricity for approximately two in five Californians, CARB should include additional flexibility to the Infrastructure Delay Exemption given that many of the eligible reasons for delay, including interconnection delays, are likely to take longer than one year.” And PG&E gave an excellent reason for this since the utility wasn’t planning to have the infrastructure built out to fully accommodate truck charging for almost another decade. In their own words:
“In the long-term, PG&E will address 90 percent of the capacity constraints currently anticipated on our system for the next decade by 2032 through our integrated grid planning effort and will continue working to address all capacity constraints on the grid thereafter. In the near term there will likely be longer interconnection timelines to support the substantial distribution upgrades necessary to energize fleet customers’ projects.”
On top of these grid issues, PG&E also cited supply chain shortages, permitting, and environmental remediation as being problems that would seriously delay truck charging site energization.
However, instead of pulling back, CARB chose to rely on promises made by two other state agencies, the California Energy Commission (CEC) and the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to forge ahead. At an October 27, 2022, hearing, CARB received assurances from both the CEC and CPUC that grid and hydrogen infrastructure would be ready to handle the additional fueling that the ACF required. CEC testified that its work with the CPUC, IOUs, and California’s Independent Systems Operator (CASIO) would ensure there was enough electricity for truck charging. CEC further stated it would ensure hydrogen fuel production and dispensing infrastructure would be there also.
The CPUC testified that it had been working on site energization issues (getting power from the grid to the trucks) and that – because of California Assembly Bill 841 – it now required IOUs to pass the costs of energizing truck parking sites “before the meter” to rate payers.This meant that truckers would not have to pay the significant costs of getting power lines to their parking sites directly. Also, the CPUC established a 125-day average connection time requirement for IOUs to bring that power to the truck parking sites – so problems solved! (What the CPUC didn’t mention was the fine print on energization. but more on that later). And so, ignoring industry and IOU concerns in favor of the state agency echo chamber, CARB adopted the ACF on April 28, 2023.
Almost immediately, the California Trucking Association sued, then WSPA, then 17 states led by Nebraska, and then others until there were at least six lawsuits against the ACF in state and federal courts. Some alleged procedural violations by CARB as part of the rule making process, but others, perhaps most significantly, challenged California’s right to set the emissions standards for trucks in the first place.
Historically, because California’s air pollution problems are so severe, it has been allowed to set its own stricter emissions standards for motor vehicles by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This is done through what is known as the preemption waiver process. Essentially, motor vehicles – or in this case truck emissions standards – adopted in California must be approved by EPA. The lawsuit from Nebraska and the other states objected to CARB proceeding forward with ACF implementation prior to EPA’s review and approval of the emissions waiver request.
Faced with the lawsuits and without EPA approval, ACF implementation stalled in early 2024, with CARB rolling back multiple rule requirements including compulsory Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) truck purchases.
While the lawyers battled it out in court and CARB scrambled to roll back the rule, on the ground the implementation issues were insurmountable for many heavy-duty fleets.
When looking for the trucks that would meet CARB mandate, truckers were initially stunned by sticker shock. The trucks available were double (in the case of battery electric) and triple (in the case of hydrogen) the cost of conventional vehicles. Truck suppliers tried to entice purchases by touting supposed operational savings with both technologies relative to the maintenance and fueling cost of conventional diesel trucks. However, that initial cost, on top of the lack of availability of electric charging and hydrogen infrastructure, was too great a barrier for most to overcome. This caused a spike in diesel truck purchases by California drayage (port) fleets in 2023 before the rule deadline – the exact opposite effect that the ACF was intended to have. For those who bought the electric or hydrogen trucks, or those lucky enough to secure grant funding to help defray their costs, the waiting time to get power to their truck parking facilities was frequently quoted in years by the IOUs or the hydrogen infrastructure was simply unavailable. This left those assets stranded and grant monies unused.
Looking at the fine print on the CPUC’s requirements, it turns out the IOUs had multiple options to stop the clock on supplying power, including if a power request was over two megawatts. This meant that – depending on how the trucks were charged – fleets with as few as four to six Class 8 trucks were out of luck. This struggle was reported on in detail by Canary Media in September 2024 by Jeff St. John. His excellent piece details efforts by the California legislature to address the truck charging issue with the IOUs, the years-long wait for power in many areas, and the mounting incredulity with ACF requirements. However, in November 2024, Donald Trump was reelected, sounding the death knell of the ACF and perhaps sparing California and CARB’s blushes.
At the start of this article, we rightly praised CARB for the work that led to their significant successes in improving health outcomes and their programs to protect global climate for Californians. However, they have also been responsible for more than a few calamitous outcomes including the use of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline, the failure of California’s first EV mandate, the various scrambles around the implementation of the original truck, bus, and car rules, and now the ACF debacle.
While regulatory setbacks are to be expected when pushing the technological envelope, in this charged political and economic environment CARB simply must take more care to ensure that the rules it adopts will stick. This may mean being more conservative in the short term and making smaller and better understood technological leaps with willing partners. For example, there were some notable successes in ACF implementation. Companies like FEDEX and Amazon deployed significant numbers of electric trucks. However, these companies had duty cycles that suited those solutions, corporate commitments to greenhouse gas emissions reductions targets, available power at warehouse locations, and over a decade of advanced planning to ensure smooth integration of those ZEVs.
Ultimately, small steps forward are still progress. Large defeats like the ACF, especially where the technology is arguably unworkable, significantly undermine the credibility of the environmental movement. This fuels critics’ attacks on rule making and makes progress harder to achieve. It also serves to discourage allies in industry from doing the right thing and frustrates impacted communities who are relying on these types of rules to ensure better health outcomes.
So how can CARB avoid this in the future? It needs to fundamentally change how it takes and values input – no more checking boxes! This will mean exiting the state echo chamber and coming to a real understanding of the industries it is trying to regulate, the technologies that are available to help, and the expectations of the communities it is seeking to serve.
About the Author: Damian Breen is the founder of Environmental Communication Strategies and former Deputy Executive Officer of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. He has worked at the crossroads of the environment, people, business, and future technology for over 29 years. For more information on this article, contact Damian at damian@ecs-ca.com.
An all-new generation Nissan LEAF is coming, morphing into a crossover electric vehicle that better fits the needs of today’s market. This new move by Nissan signals the rebirth of an iconic EV model that once pushed the boundaries of electrification as California was imposing its Zero Emission Vehicle Mandate on an unprepared auto industry. There was no shortage of EV concepts and prototypes during this time, and of course GM fielded its relatively short-lived, limited-production EV1 electric car. But it was Nissan that caught everyone’s attention with its LEAF prototype and then the unveiling of the production model that Green Car Journal viewed in Japan. Following that, the 2010 model Nissan LEAF emerged as a stylish electric car that embodied Nissan’s view of the future. This article pulled from Green Car Journal’s extensive archives is presented just as it ran 16 years ago to share just what a breakthrough this early EV was for enthusiasts and the auto industry.
Excerpted from Fall 2009 issue: The Nissan LEAF electric car coming to showrooms in 2010 promises a new chapter in battery electric driving that got a good start in the 1990s, but was dramatically sidetracked by serious political squabbling and economic realities. What we have here is an electric car being brought to market driven by business case rather than regulatory fiat, and the difference in approach means everything.
Here’s a major automaker not only ready to bring a new from-the-ground-up electric car to U.S. highways, but also apparently quite eager to do so. It has created a stylish and sporty car to wrap around intelligent electronics, a smart battery design, and an overall driving experience that will be appreciated by wide-ranging new car buyers … not just electric car enthusiasts. But we’re getting ahead of ourselves. First, there’s a story to tell.
Nissan has always been somewhat of a wild card amid its Japanese competitors in the U.S. market, primarily Honda and Toyota. Toyota is a juggernaut with the leading eco-vehicle on the market – the Prius – plus lots of Toyota and Lexus hybrid models and sheer numbers in its favor. Being large has its advantages. Honda is innovative and agile, with an environmental focus that runs deep and a willingness to embrace imperatives like fuel economy, alternative fuels, and low emissions long before they’re in vogue.
And Nissan? Well, the automaker has never been considered a front-runner in the environmental arena. It has but a single gasoline-electric hybrid in the U.S. and this model, the Altima Hybrid, was late in coming … an interesting turn of events since Nissan has been developing hybrid technology for quite some time. Simply, Nissan’s leadership didn’t see the business case for hybrids early on, although this was remedied when it became apparent that a hybrid model was pretty much a necessity.
As a result, it has been easy to appreciate Nissan for its many exceptional models and the overall quality of its products. But is has been just as easy for some to discount Nissan as a serious contender in the ‘green car’ field. That assessment would be a mistake.
Nissan’s Altima Hybrid deserves more attention than it gets. It’s true to the brand: stylish, sporty, and offers snappy performance. Car enthusiasts who drive competitive mid-level hybrids and don’t feel a connection should drive an Altima Hybrid before moving on. It can be surprising.
Over the years, Nissan has tested M85 methanol flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) on American highways, introduced several E85 ethanol FFVs to its product lineup, and showcased many electric and hydrogen concepts and demonstrators. While many automakers get well-deserved kudos for offering models powered by near-zero emission gasoline engines, it was Nissan that first introduced this groundbreaking technology in its 2000 model Sentra CA sedan. Nissan was also the only major automaker to feature forward-looking lithium-ion battery technology in its Altra EV minivan that was test marketed in the 1990s. All other automakers’ electric cars of the era used nickel-metal-hydride or advanced lead-acid batteries.
This willingness to step out and get ahead of the curve brings us to an interesting new phase in Nissan’s ‘green’ evolution – its coming LEAF battery electric car. At a time when the number of gasoline-electric hybrid models is growing and plug-in hybrids are of increasing focus, Nissan is aiming to be the electric car leader by introducing an all-new model that’s not only technologically advanced, but affordable for the masses as well. That’s something that nobody has been able to pull off.
One of the secrets of this affordability is Nissan’s potential strategy to decouple battery cost from the price of the vehicle. While this isn’t yet a sure thing and various scenarios are being examined, the fundamental plan being explored is that the most cost prohibitive part of an electric car -- expensive lithium-ion batteries – is removed from the equation. You buy the car but separately lease the batteries at a monthly cost that’s presumably less than you would pay for gas. So, you get an advanced electric car that operates at pennies per mile, uses no fossil fuels, or produces any emissions that contribute to air pollution and, presumably, climate change. And it doesn’t cost you any more to own and operate than a comparable gasoline model.
Green Car Journal traveled to Yokohama, Japan to drive a Nissan Versa (known as the Tilda there) outfitted with the LEAF’s advanced electric powertrain, and we sure didn’t come away disappointed. To place this in context, Green Car Journal editors have driven all the electric vehicle models that were test marketed by the major automakers in the 1990s, spent a year behind the wheel of GM’s EV1, and also drove many developmental electric vehicles on test tracks over the past two decades. It takes a lot to impress us. And we are, we must admit, impressed.
Our time behind the wheel of this electrified Nissan test mule left a strong impression that Nissan really has something here. The drive was sporty and largely indistinguishable from driving a conventional gasoline model. That’s a good thing, since any time you can drive an advanced vehicle running on unconventional power and it seems normal, well … mission accomplished. Acceleration was brisk because, after all, its 107 hp (80kW) electric motor delivers 100 percent of its 206 lb-ft torque from zero mph. Steering feel, handling, and braking were spot on. Nothing seems to have been sacrificed on the road to a zero emission future.
There are some givens when driving any electric car, and time piloting this Nissan example presented no exception. There’s the unmistakable lack of all noise associated with internal combustion, with the absence of these familiar cues replaced with the sound of tires contacting the pavement and wind rushing past the windshield. It gets your attention at first, but take it from a long-time electric car driver – it fades away after a short time and becomes the new ‘normal.’
Besides the seamless way in which this electric Nissan performed during our test drive, what’s most impressive about Nissan’s new electric car program is its innovative use of multiple stacks of laminated compact battery modules integrated beneath the floor. These lithium-ion batteries can be readily configured in ways that accommodate the needs of different vehicle platforms. Yes, we’re thinking future models beyond Nissan’s purpose-built LEAF electric hatch. In the LEAF, Nissan says these batteries provide a real-world 100 mile driving range. More modules could conceivably provide that same kind of range in a larger sedan or crossover.
Also impressive is Nissan’s innovative use of sophisticated electronics that integrates with popular electronic devices. The LEAF’s advanced IT system connects to a 24 hour global data center that provides information, entertainment, and driver support. A monitor displays available charging stations and a ‘reachable area’ based on remaining power. Cellphones can be used to set charging times, communicate with the vehicle to determine when charging is done, and even remotely set the air conditioner to pre-cool the interior before getting in to drive.
Nissan’s coming electric LEAF, with its pleasing design that blends sharp and curvaceous lines and a suite of far-reaching advanced technologies, represents a brilliant addition to the Nissan product line. It reflects an intuitive knowledge of what consumers want and a willingness to lead … really lead. And it also shows that Nissan has its finger on the pulse of the market.
Sure, it’s a risk to go so boldly into the electric realm, designing an innovative and cutting-edge compact car based solely on electric drive. Considering the competitive nature of the automotive field and the pace at which Nissan is shepherding this electric model to market, it’s a logical gamble that could pay off in a very big way. The electric LEAF may well be the vehicle that moves Nissan beyond the considerable environmental shadow cast by competitors Toyota and Honda, presenting the kind of leapfrog opportunity that comes rarely and offers a finite window. No doubt, Nissan's leadership is hoping this is so and appears poised to make that leap.
The midsize Honda Prologue EV gets a new and more powerful and efficient front motor and upgraded power inverters for 2025 to boost range and horsepower in both front- and all-wheel drive versions. Despite the power and range boosts there’s only a slight price increase – $55 – due to a hike in Honda’s mandatory delivery and destination fee. There are no design or feature updates for the new model year.
Honda engineers had hoped to be able to boast of a 300-mile range estimate when the Prologue debuted as a 2024 model, but they weren’t in complete control because the EV was co-developed with General Motors and uses a GM platform and battery shared with the Chevrolet Blazer EV. The official EPA range estimate for the single-motor, front-drive version missed the desired mark by a scant 4 miles.
For the 2025 model, though, new power inverters and front motors enabled a bump to 308 miles for the front-drive Prologue, an increase of 12 miles. Range for dual motor all-wheel drive versions rises to 294 miles, up 13, for the EX and Touring trims, and to 283 miles, up 10, for the Elite.
The hardware boosts power output for front-drive models to 220 hp and 243 lb-ft of torque, up from 212 ponies and 236 lb-ft. For all-wheel drive models, output increases to 300 hp and 335 lb-ft, up 12 and 25, respectively.
Because the basic vehicle doesn’t change, the Prologue retains a CCS charging port for 2025, meaning that on road trips its default fast charging is at non-Tesla stations. It will require an adapter to hook up to a Tesla Supercharger once Tesla adds Honda EVs to its list of approved Supercharger users this spring.
On non-Tesla DC fast charges, the Prologue can take on juice up to a maximum of 150 kW per hour. Its 85 kWh battery needs about 35 minutes to recharge from 80 percent depleted to 80 percent full. For 240-volt Level 2 home charging, the Prologue has an 11.5 kW (maximum) on-board charger, good for overnight replenishment of a fully depleted battery.
For as long as the federal clean vehicles tax credit remains available, all versions of the 2025 Prologue qualify for the full $7,500 credit and this can be applied at the dealership as an immediate discount if a buyer meets federal eligibility requirements. Those who lease will see the credit applied as a buy-down, resulting in reduced monthly payments.
Before any federal, state, or local incentives, pricing for the 2025 Prologue starts with the base front-drive EX at $48,850 including Honda’s $1,450 destination fee (up from $1,395 for 2024). All-wheel drive adds $3,000 for a pre-incentive price of $51,850.
Standard equipment for the EX includes 19-inch aluminum alloys, power-adjustable driver’s seat, heated front seats, dual-zone climate control, wireless phone charger, wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto compatibility, and a Google built-in operating system. All Prologue EV trims also get the Honda Sensing suite of advanced safety and driver assistance technologies, including Honda’s first applications of automated rear cross traffic emergency braking, rear pedestrian alert, and blind zone steering assist. Other features include front collision and road departure mitigation, lane departure warning and lane keeping assist, and adaptive cruise control. Like all Prologue trim levels, the base model comes in Mercury Silver Metallic with other exterior color choices available at a $455 upcharge.
Including delivery fee, the mid-level Touring trim jumps to $53,150 with front-drive and $56,150 with dual motor all-wheel drive. It adds to the base standard features package with a 12-speaker Bose premium sound system, leather upholstery, a driver seat memory system, auto dimming rear view mirror, panoramic sunroof, hands-free powered tailgate, and front and rear parking assist. At the top of the Prologue lineup, the Elite is available only with all-wheel drive and starts at $59,350 including destination. It adds to the Touring’s standard equipment with a number of upscale features including 21-inch wheels, ventilated front seats, a heated steering wheel, a Sport driving mode, and a color head-up display.
Honda is carrying over its charging bonus for 2025. Prologue buyers get 60 kWh of free public charging at Electrify America stations. Plus, buyers can opt for an additional valuable charging incentive.
Those choices include an additional $750 public charging credit, or alternatively, an 11.5-kilowatt Level 2 home charging station, a $500 installation credit, and a $100 public charging credit through Honda Home Electrification (HHE). The third option is a 7.6 kW portable Level 2 charging kit, a $250 installation credit (in case a new circuit is needed for the portable unit), and a $300 public charging credit, also via HHE.
This was originally published on thegreencarguy.com. Author John O'Dell is a distinguished career journalist and has a been an automotive writer, editor, and analyst specializing in alternative vehicles and fuels for over two decades.
Nissan was first out of the gate with a mass-market EV, the 2011 LEAF, but it took a dozen years for the automaker to pop out a second all-electric model. By the time the Nissan Ariya was introduced in 2023 it already trailed some of the competition in range and handling performance. That doesn’t change for 2025. The Nissan Ariya remains a fantastic improvement and step up from the Leaf, but except for its interior, it doesn’t stand out in the sea of compact electric crossovers and SUVs that EV shoppers can now choose from.
As a longtime Nissan EV driver – having leased a 2011 LEAF when they first came out and then later purchasing a 2018 LEAF – we waited anxiously for the carmaker to bring out the Ariya. We were impressed with its looks and features after viewing the new EV just prior to its on-sale date in the U.S.
It took a while after that to get into one, but we finally did and spent a week with the top-of-the-line, dual-motor, all-wheel drive Ariya Platinum. We found it to be a well-balanced EV with a quiet and comfortable ride, refined exterior design, outstanding interior, a long list of standard features, and top-notch driver assist and safety tech. But it proved to be only middle-of-the-road when it came to driving characteristics.
The Ariya doesn’t qualify for the buyer’s federal tax credit that can lop $7,500 off the price of competitive EVs from Chevrolet, Cadillac, Honda, Kia, and Tesla that do qualify. But Nissan often offers buyers cash rebates to make up some, or even all, of the difference. And those who lease can get the credit because of an IRS ruling exempting leased EVs from the credit’s “made in North America” requirement.
While the base Ariya trim has a barely adequate range of just 216 miles (205 miles with all-wheel drive), higher trims use a much larger battery and offer lots more range – up to 289 miles with front-drive and 272 with electronic all-wheel drive. However, there are other small electric crossovers, such as the Chevrolet Equinox EV and Kia EV6, that offer more power or more range – sometimes more of both – for less cost. At the top of the trim tree, Cadillac’s new all-wheel drive Optiq electric SUV outdoes the Ariya Platinum+ AWD in range and is its equal in interior quality and fittings.
Still, if winning slaloms and topping the 300-mile mark on range or the 3-second mark for 0-60 mph acceleration aren’t at the top of your list of musts, the 2025 Nissan Ariya is certainly worth a look.
Boding well for Ariya is that the nearly identical 2023 model has been named a top choice for used EV buyers by Recurrent, a company that tracks EV battery health, sales, and pricing. It earned this distinction because of its advanced driver assistance and safety technologies, retained value, and strong performance in cold climates. Because the Ariya hasn’t changed mechanically – or much in any way – from 2023 (except lower starting prices for each trim), Recurrent’s real-world report on two-year-old models is good news for shoppers considering the 2025 Ariya.
The Ariya uses an EV-exclusive platform from Nissan that enables a longer wheelbase and more interior space. By packaging the batteries under the floor, the platform gets rid of transmission tunnels and permits interiors with flat floors. Removing the internal combustion engine allows designers to shorten hoods and rethink front fascia, which no longer need open grilles to gulp air for the engine.
While we tested a 2024 Ariya, the 2025 models are identical. The only new features are that wireless phone charging is now standard in all trims and 2025 models built since the start of the year have the Tesla Supercharger-compatible NACS charging port as standard equipment. Models made before that date have the CCS port that requires a $235 accessory adapter to make use of Tesla chargers.
Nissan also dropped the Venture and Empower trims for 2025, winnowing the Ariya ‘family’ to a choice of four trims that include two battery sizes and two powertrain choices.
Nissin starts the Ariya lineup with a small battery-version, the Engage, followed by the Engage+, Evolve+, and Platinum. The first two can be had with front drive or, for a $4,000 upcharge, dual motor electric all-wheel drive that boosts power and range. The last two are dual motor AWD only that Nissan calls it e-4ORCE, because…why not?
The Ariya in base Engage trim starts at $41,160 including the $1,390 destination charge. It comes with front-wheel drive and a 66 kWh battery (63 kWh usable), 19-inch alloys with all-season rubber, and LED headlamps. Inside, there’s a head-up display, heated steering wheel and front seats, an eight-way power adjustable driver seat with memory, six-speaker stereo system, wireless Apple Car Play and wired Android Auto connectivity, wireless phone charger, and in-dash navigation. The all-wheel drive Engage variant starts at $45,160 and adds a beefier dual motor, electronic all-wheel drive system, and a sliding center console.
Evolve+ trim is priced at $45,760 for front-wheel drive. It has a 91 kWh battery (87 kWh usable) for more range and power, and adds to the base model’s standard features with items such as a panoramic moonroof, rain-sensing windshield wipers, 360-degree camera and monitor, eight-way power-adjustable front passenger seat, and a stow-away table in the sliding front console, The all-wheel drive version of the Evolve+ starts at $49,760 and adds the dual-motor e-4ORCE AWD system and a powered rear liftgate.
Engage+ e-4ORCE starts at $46,760 and adds the 91 kWh battery and larger front disc brakes to the base Engage AWD package. Stepping up to Platinum+ e-4ORCE, the top trim in the Ariya lineup, brings a near-luxury class price of $55,760. It has all the features of the Evolve+ AWD and adds a 9-speaker Bose audio system, Nappa leather upholstery, power tilt and telescoping steering column, position memory for exterior side mirrors, a hand-free power rear liftgate, and LED fog lamps. A version with 20-inch wheels is priced the same.
The base Engage with front drive gets a single 160 kW motor on the front axle and is rated at 214 horsepower and 221 lb-ft torque. EPA estimated range is 216 miles. The AWD Engage e-4ORCE gets motors on each axle with a combined output rating of 335 hp, 413 lb-ft torque, and an EPA range estimate of 205 miles.
Range and power for the big-battery variants differ depending on trim level and drive type. The front-drive Evolve+ gets a single 178 kW motor rated at 238 hp and 221 lb-ft torque. EPA estimates range for the front-drive Evolve+ at 289 miles. The all-wheel drive Engage+ e-4ORCE is rated at 335 hp and 413 lb-ft torque. Evolve+ and Platinum+ e-4ORCE versions get dual-motor systems featuring 389 horsepower and 442 lb-ft torque. EPA range estimates are 272 miles for the Engage+ and Evolve+ with AWD. The Platinum+ has more features and is heaver, so its range drops to 267 miles, or 257 miles with 20-inch wheels and tires.
Both of the base Engage variants (without the “+”) use liquid-cooled, 66 kWh battery packs that can recharge from 80 percent depleted to 80 percent full in 35 minutes on a DC fast-charger rated at 135 kW, and in 65 minutes at 50 kW. For home charging on 240-volt Level 2 equipment, the Ariya has a 7.2 kW on-board charger that needs 10.5 hours to fully replenish an empty 66 kWh battery. All other 2025 Nissan Ariya trims and variants get a liquid-cooled 91 kWh battery. Charging at DC fast charge systems is a bit slower versus the base Engage because the battery has almost 50 percent more capacity. Per Nissan, it takes 40 minutes at 135 kW and 90 minutes at 50 kW. Home charging takes 14 hours with the larger battery if starting from a fully discharged state.
We found the Ariya range estimates to be fairly accurate. On a 232 mile trip in the Platinum+ e-4ORCE with 20-inch wheels, we lost just 11 percent – 28 miles – of the EPA-estimated 257 miles of range. The trip included 183 miles of freeway driving and 49 miles of city and country roads. Overall energy consumption worked out to 36.4 kWh per 100 miles, or 2.75 miles per kWh.
The Ariya’s interior is one of the best at the non-luxury level, with a modern minimalist look, quality fittings, and, in upper trims, interesting ambient lighting that pops from laser-cut screening in the foot wells and along the upper door panels. The center console has backlit touch controls for drive and regenerative modes. There’s a metal trim bar that runs the width of the lower dash with matching trim on the console. The bar is lighted and, in models with the advanced ProPilot 2.0 driver assistance system, changes colors to communicate various driving modes. There are dual glove boxes but no center console storage on lower trims, while upper trims get a center console storage compartment and a roomy locking storage drawer that slides out of the lower dash panel.
Seat upholstery is leatherette (vinyl) on all but the Platinum trim, which gets Nappa leather. Seats are supportive and nicely padded front and back, with adequate adjustments for the driver and front passenger seats. The Ariya is near the top of its price class in headroom and front legroom. Even in back, where it trails competitors by an inch or more, the flat floor opens up room others don’t have and gives passengers room to sprawl a bit. All trims get power-adjustable driver’s seats while the two top trims also get power-adjustable front passenger seats.
A pair of 12.3-inch, horizontally-oriented screens pop up from a padded dash that is otherwise nearly barren of visible knobs and switches. A volume knob for the stereo sits at the bottom center of the infotainment screen. A row of backlit, touch-sensitive switches for the climate control system is hidden under a woodgrain trim strip along the dash bottom.
Most functions are controlled via the center-mounted infotainment touchscreen or by touch controls on the flat-bottomed steering wheel. The other 12.3-inch screen, mounted behind the wheel, serves as a digital instrument panel and delivers information the driver needs to know. The center console stops short of the dash and there’s no center stack. Nissan did a good job of sound attenuation and while some wind noise does get through, the cabin is very quiet even at high speeds.
Ariya offers 27.9 cubic-feet of storage space behind the rear seats. Flip the 60/40 split rear seats down and that grows to almost 60 cubic feet. The ‘crossover coupe’ shape (think BMW X6) helps the Ariya’s looks but eats into cargo space just a bit, although it remains very competitive in the segment with slightly more cargo space than the Kia EV6, Honda Prologue, Chevrolet Equinox EV, and Cadillac Optiq.
The two top Ariya trims are rated to tow up to 1,500 pounds. That capability fits the needs of those needing to tow items such as a small utility trailer, a jet ski, or a small sailboat.
We tested the Platinum+ e-4ORCE and found it to be comfortable, quiet, and pleasant to drive. It exhibited sprightly acceleration, though without the stomach-dropping kick many EVs offer when the accelerator is jammed to the floor. Nissan claims a 5.0-second time for a 0 to 60 mph sprint in the 389 hp Ariya variants, and that’s about what we experienced. Drop down to the entry-level Engage, though, and acceleration gets a bit sluggish for an EV at 7.5-seconds for that same 0-60 run.
The 2025 Nissan Ariya boasts a low center of gravity and in AWD versions a 50:50 weight balance, but it still isn’t a sports car (the Platinum trim weighs in at 5,057 pounds). Ariya doesn’t like to be pushed hard into corners and offers little in the way of steering feedback. Overall, it’s best suited to highway cruising and leisurely sight-seeing drives in the mountains and on winding country roads. There is a high-performance NISMO edition with a re-tuned chassis and 429 horsepower available in Japan and Europe, so the car’s handling and power delivery can be improved. That variant costs about $5,000 more than the top-spec Platinum+e-4ORCE in Japan and there are no plans at present to bring it to the U.S.
Nissan’s ProPilot suite of driver assistance and advanced safety systems is standard on all Ariya trim levels. ProPilot includes full-range adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning with lane keeping assist, forward and rear automatic emergency braking, blind spot monitoring, and rear cross traffic alert. It’s linked with the on-board navigation system to more accurately predict highway conditions ahead and has speed adjust to automatically slow on curves and offramps. Nissan provides its updated ProPilot 2.0 system as standard equipment on the Platinum+ trim and as an option for the Evolve + AWD. It includes all the base ProPilot systems and adds automated highway driving capability and automated parking assist. The Evolve+ and Platinum+ trims also get a 360-degree camera-based monitor system.
The Ariya has been awarded a 5-star overall safety rating by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and has been named a Top Safety Pick by the nonprofit Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).
This was originally published on thegreencarguy.com. Author John O'Dell is a distinguished career journalist and has a been an automotive writer, editor, and analyst specializing in alternative vehicles and fuels for over two decades.
Our Prius Prime long-term test car was plugged in and ready for its usual around-town electric car duty, something it did with ease every day with its up to 44 mile range exclusively on batteries. It had been a while since we had to go beyond those all-electric miles and take advantage of the Prime’s long-range capabilities as a hybrid. Yep. A road trip was calling.
This time we’re heading out from Green Car Journal’s headquarters in San Luis Obispo on California’s Central Coast, up the Cuesta Grade, and through bucolic Paso Robles, one of the most important wine regions in California. But it isn’t wine we’re focused on this trip so we continue northbound amid wide-open countryside dotted with the occasional small city beckoning those needing fuel or food.
Our destination 145 miles ahead is the picturesque Monterey Peninsula, home of charming Carmel-by-the Sea, the laid-back Carmel Valley, and historic Monterey with its Fisherman’s Wharf and Cannery Row of Steinbeck lore. This is an area steeped in history that beckons one to experience and explore, with one of its highlights the dramatic 17 Mile Drive that winds along some of the most spectacular coastline on the planet. It’s no wonder that the Monterey Peninsula is an incredibly popular tourist destination that attracts visitors from all over the world.
Drawing our attention as auto enthusiasts is that the peninsula is the home of the annual Monterey Car Week, Pebble Beach Concourse de Elegance, The Quail Motorsport Gathering, and the Monterey Motorsports Reunion historic car races at nearby Raceway Laguna Seca. While this wasn’t our focus now, visiting Monterey in August provides some of the best auto enthusiast immersions possible anywhere. Beyond the week's many official gatherings, you'll find automotive eye candy in abundance plying the streets of Carmel-by-the-Sea and Cannery Row as classics and exotics show their stuff amid everyday life.
As the miles rolled by during our drive, we couldn't help but appreciate the accommodating features of our Prius Prime and how ideal it is for this, or really any, road trip. There were four of us this time – three adults and a child – with our Prius loaded with the gear and trappings required for a fun weekend getaway. As we made our way northbound it wasn’t lost on us that these days, a great majority of trips, local and long distance, are made in SUVs of one stripe or another. We've done plenty of that and the sheer number of these on the road during our drive illustrated their popularity. But we have a great interest in efficiency and the capabilities that family sedans and hatchbacks with a smaller footprint continue to bring to the highway. The Prius Prime is a poster child of this efficiency and functionality.
Speaking of efficiency, one can't help but be impressed with how frugal this Toyota plug-in hybrid is with a gallon of gas. While numbers can vary depending on speed, terrain, and driving style, it's a given that more often than not we're seeing 50-plus mpg displayed on our instrument panel, including on this trip. That's a testiment to the Prius Prime's newest-generation Hybrid Synergy Drive. This powertrain combines a 2.0-liter engine, 151 horsepower motor-generator, and 13 kWh battery pack to not only deliver this high level of efficiency, but welcome performance as well with its overall 220 horsepower. While we appreciate the ability to plug-in during travels to enable a degree of all-electric driving at an EPA rated 127 MPGe, we only did that before leaving home and upon our return from this quick weekend journey.
On our list of high points for this trip was stopping by Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, also known as Carmel Mission, in Carmel Valley. The second of 21 missions established from 1769 to 1823 by Franciscan missionaries led by Padre Junipero Serra, the mission is fully restored and an important touchstone in the region’s history. We’ve traveled to all 21 missions in the California Mission System over the years and a stop at Carmel Mission was a must during this trip.
No trip to the Monterey Peninsula is complete without spending time exploring the many distinctive shops and eateries in quaint Carmel-by-the-Sea. There's no doubt this is an art town given the sheer number of art galleries present along its charming streets. Pastries? Sure. Unique and hand-made gifts? Absolutely, at an endless sea of shops. And dining experiences? There's no shortage to choose from, but you won't want to miss breakfast at Village Corner California Bistro or lunch at Clint Eastwood's Hog's Breath Inn.
There are so many activities to experience here that time isn’t on your side. A weekend getaway is always fun but additional days afford the luxury of taking in all the area has to offer. No matter how long a trip to this Central Coast jewel, you can't come to the Monterey Peninsula without a visit to the truly impressive Monterey Bay Aquarium, located on Cannery Row. That's how it was with us considering we had a five year-old in tow who patiently tagged along during our shopping in Carmel-by-the-Sea, visits to historic sites, and explorations of other points of interest. A visit here is truly a treat for kids and adults alike and a great way to cap off a Monterey Bay vacation.
Hydrogen has long held promise in delivering environmentally conscious power for transportation, homes, and life in general, but it’s been a long road. There are reasons. Holding hydrogen back has been its high cost, a near-complete lack of pipelines and fueling infrastructure, and the environmental impact of sourcing this amazingly clean fuel. At the same time, driving continuing interest is the very real benefit of moving on from hydrocarbons and transitioning to this energy source not only for hydrogen vehicles, but also for use as civilization’s primary fuel source. Let’s dive deeper to examine hydrogen’s story.
Why hydrogen? That’s easy. Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element on the planet, and in fact, in the universe. Hydrogen, with oxygen, makes up water (H2O) and is also found in nearly all organic compounds. Hydrogen is so highly combustible it has served as a primary rocket fuel, including in the U.S. Space Shuttle program. Hydrogen is also being explored by NASA for hydrogen hybrid fuel cell/gas turbine engines for commercial aviation and other missions.
More importantly to us here on Earth, hydrogen burns in air without carbon emissions and its only byproducts are water vapor and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), the latter because air contains nitrogen. When used to create electricity through an electrochemical fuel cell, there is no combustion and thus no unwanted emissions at all, just heat and water vapor. This is the high-profile environmental calling card of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It’s also a growth market, with Research and Markets projecting the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle market growing from $8.21 billion this year to $20.49 billion in 2030. Overall, all this would appear to make hydrogen an ideal fuel for our time.
Ah, but things are not so simple. Pure geologic ‘white’ hydrogen does exist in its natural gaseous state but has been considered rare, found deep in the earth and deemed economically and logistically unrealistic as a resource. So, while we may be surrounded by hydrogen, the fact that it’s typically bonded with other elements means it must be separated to yield the ideal fuel we seek.
Today most hydrogen is created by steam reforming natural gas, a thermo- chemical process that extracts hydrogen from methane. The resulting product is known as ‘grey’ hydrogen because of the carbon created and a less-than-ideal over- all environmental impact. When steam reforming is combined with carbon capture and storage it’s known as ‘blue’ hydrogen, with the process considered low carbon or carbon neutral since the carbon created is sequestered from the atmosphere.
A more environmentally compatible way of creating hydrogen is by electrolyzing water. This electrochemical process strips water’s two hydrogen atoms from its oxygen atom to produce hydrogen gas. Electrolysis requires significant electrical energy so where this energy is sourced is paramount. If the electrolytic process uses electricity from renewable sources like solar, wind, or hydroelectric power, this is known as ‘green’ hydrogen. That color designator changes to ‘pink’ hydrogen if the electricity comes from nuclear energy. Color palette aside, today’s challenge is to devise the most efficient, low cost, low carbon, and environmentally positive ways to source clean hydrogen to help drive us to a zero carbon future.
Not so long ago, hydrogen generated serious interest among most of the auto industry’s major players as it competed with the commercialization of other alter- native fuels, most notably alcohol fuels, natural gas, propane autogas, and electricity. We’ve all seen battery EVs surge ahead with many breakthroughs, product commitments, and not inconsequentially, enormous government funding. But that doesn’t mean hydrogen is down and out.
There have been many hydrogen vehicles developed and fielded in relatively small numbers over the past three decades. While some early models like Honda’s FCX were available in limited numbers to consumers, most others were exclusive to fleets, destined for field trials, or introduced as driveable prototypes or concepts. Among these zero-emission fuel cell vehicles were the Ford Focus FCV, GM HydroGen3 and Sequel FCEV, Hyundai Tucson FCEV, Mercedes-Benz F-Cell, Nissan Xterra FCV, Toyota FCHV, and VW Touran HyMotion. Taking another approach, models like the Mazda RX8-RE and BMW Hydrogen 7 sedan burned hydrogen in their internal combustion engines, nearly emissions-free with the exception of minimal NOx.
Efforts to commercialize hydrogen vehicles continue, though in ways different than what was seen in the recent past. There are fewer automakers making hydrogen a priority these days, though the ones that are involved count for a lot. Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai – and to a lesser extent GM and BMW – are seriously in the game on the light-duty side. Among the most notable hydrogen models are today’s Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and in our recent past the Honda Clarity Fuel Cell sedan that was with us for a few short years until 2022.
Truck makers like Freightliner, Hyundai Motor, Volvo Trucks, and Nikola are also involved on the commercial end of the spectrum. Because of government regulations and the realities of the
market, it may be that hydrogen big rigs powered by fuel cells are destined to lead the way. As hydrogen power gains momentum in the commercial space, larger commercial trucks transporting weighty loads will likely be fueled with liquid hydrogen, rather than the gaseous hydrogen used by light-duty consumer and commercial vehicles. The reason is simple: hydrogen stored as a liquid in a cryogenic state (-253 degrees C) offers much greater energy density than gaseous hydrogen, which means more fuel can be carried on board for greater driving range.
A coordinated strategy involving hydrogen vehicles and fueling opportunities has always been required since one can’t exist without the other. Government has taken a lead role in providing grants and financial incentives for hydrogen fueling over the years and energy companies have stepped up to the plate, to a limited degree. We’ve seen automakers work hand-in-hand with energy giants like Shell and Chevron as limited rollouts of hydrogen vehicles have taken place exclusively in areas where hydrogen stations are available. There have also been coordinated efforts in developing hydrogen fueling along major highway corridors to support hydrogen commercial vehicles.
Hydrogen vehicles hold a distinct advantage over EVs since they can be refueled in about the same amount of time as a gas vehicle. However, they face a significantly greater challenge in finding a place to fill up. After Shell recently closed down seven public access H2 stations in California, this left just over 50 public hydrogen stations in the entire country, all of these in the Golden State with the exception of a single station in Hawaii. Shell continues to operate commercial hydrogen stations in California.
Innovations continue apace even amid these challenges. Though Honda’s Clarity FCV is behind us, this automaker is continuing on its hydrogen journey with a new plug-in hydrogen CR-V e-FCEV built in Ohio. The CR-V e-FCEV is being leased for $459 per month with a $15,000 hydrogen fuel credit. There’s other evidence of a growing emphasis on hydrogen power, like the hydrogen fuel cell joint venture between Honda and GM that aims to manufacture fuel cells at scale in Michigan to drastically lower their cost. Toyota is also assembling fuel cell modules at its Kentucky manufacturing plant for heavy-duty truck customers. Plus, major automotive suppliers are accelerating their activities with hydrogen vehicle systems and components.
Hydrogen’s potential is illustrated in interesting ways at Toyota’s port facility in Long Beach, California, where a FuelCell Energy Tri-gen system uses renewable biogas to create up to 1200 kg per day of hydrogen, 2.3 megawatts of renewable electricity, and 1400 gallons of water to support the automaker’s port operations. Hydrogen created here supplies a nearby heavy-duty fueling station for zero emission drayage operations and fuels Mirai FCEVs arriving at the port.
One of the most important pushes for hydrogen in recent times comes from $8 billion in funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law supporting the creation of regional clean hydrogen hubs. The focus at seven designated hubs includes hydrogen production and distribution, with hydrogen created by electrolysis and other means combined with carbon capture. The aim is to produce three million metric tons of clean hydrogen annually. Establishing hubs strategically located across the country will serve to create an interconnected hydrogen ecosystem that will expand nationally in an effort to support a growing hydrogen economy.
As always, technologies evolve and new innovations come to light. Such is the case with hydrogen, as a new frontier is being explored that could exploit potentially vast reserves of ‘white’ hydrogen recently discovered on multiple continents, including North America. Trapped in geologic fields like oil and natural gas, this source of naturally occurring hydrogen can be extracted in similar ways and has the potential to provide massive amounts of low carbon hydrogen in the future.
Using the most abundant element in the universe to power our vehicles and lives is a compelling proposition, especially considering its ability to do so through fuel cells that produce only water vapor as a byproduct. That’s why so many scientists, engineers, companies, and governments are hard at work addressing hydrogen’s commercial challenges. Whatever direction hydrogen power takes in the years ahead in response to changing administrations and shifting clean energy strategies, trust that it will remain of interest as a potential answer to low- or no-carbon mobility. It promises to be an interesting journey
RAM has been around as a distinct brand for some 14 years now, having split from its former identity as a Dodge nameplate in 2009. Since then, RAM has focused solely on pickup trucks and work vans with considerable success, especially with regard to its pickup truck line, which has won Green Car Journal’s Green Truck of the Year™ award three times in recent years. Now RAM has revealed details on its highly anticipated next act in the pickup realm, the all-electric RAM 1500 REV.
Building on the excitement generated by the wild electric RAM Revolution concept shown earlier this year, the 2025 RAM REV rides on the automaker’s all new STLA Frame optimized for full-size electric vehicle models with a body-on-frame design. This high strength steel frame is wider in the middle to accommodate battery packs while affording protection between the frame rails. It also features additional protection beneath courtesy of a full-length underbody belly pan.
This electric RAM pickup is especially noteworthy in that it boasts specs surpassing those of Ford’s F-150 Lightning and upcoming Chevrolet’s Silverado EV. REV will offer two EV powertrain options, with the base package featuring a standard 168 kWh battery pack projected to deliver a driving range of up to 350 miles. A more powerful option brings a 229 kWh battery pack with a targeted range of 500 miles, a feature sure to resonate with pickup buyers whose primary concerns are range and functionality. Normal and one-pedal driving capabilities are built in and regenerative braking comes as a matter of course.
Power won’t be a problem. We know the optional 229 kWh battery pack variant will offer a targeted rating of 654 horsepower and 620 lb-ft torque. Power ratings for the standard 168 kWh battery pack variant have yet to be disclosed. The REV’s projected towing capacity is said to be up to 14,000 pounds, with a payload capacity up to 2,700 pounds.
Charging is handled through the REV’s charge port located at the driver’s side front fender. Illuminated LED lighting and an audible chime lets a driver know that the truck is plugged in and charging. The charge port accommodates Level 1 and Level 2 AC charging connectivity on top and DC fast charging connectivity at the bottom of the charging interface. Drivers should expect the usual overnight charging experience if they have a 240-volt Level 2 wall charger at home. Those on the move can take advantage of the REV’s fast-charge capability at public fast chargers. If an 800-volt DC fast charger is available then the REV can add up to 110 miles of range in just 10 minutes while charging at up to 350 kW.
A handy feature is the RAM 1500 REV’s bi-directional vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-home, and vehicle-to-grid charging capability. With the use of a 7.2 kW on-board power panel mounted in the bed or a 3.6 kW power panel in the front trunk (frunk), this feature is very helpful during power outages in homes, or for individuals who will potentially use their truck to power equipment. It can also be used to charge your everyday devices if necessary.
REV’s exterior styling lets us know this truck is electric without moving beyond the burly and commanding nature of the brand. A blend of elegance and toughness shows that RAM’s designers certainly didn’t want buyers forgetting what RAM stands for, while also conveying their vision for the future. To that end, the front fascia of this electric pickup features a sporty nature with its muscular hood and low grill. The look is accented with aptly named ‘tuning fork’ LED headlights and unique EV-specific RAM badging. At the rear we find a set of angular LED taillights that span a portion of the tailgate, and are specific to the RAM 1500 REV. RAM is boldly shown at the center of the tailgate and, like the front end, uses an exclusive lettering style to show us that this RAM is indeed electric.
Styling along the REV’s flanks remains quite similar to the current RAM truck with the exception of a flush-mounted chargeport at the driver’s side front fender and unique REV. Familiar lockable ‘RAM Boxes’ are available and positioned beneath the bed rails on either side of the pickup box and feature a handy 115-volt outlet. These boxes are also illuminated to facilitate easy access under low light conditions.
Inside, the blend of practicality and luxury is seamless with premium materials like carbon fiber, metal, and leather with tech peppered throughout. Ample passenger room is built in and functionality is enhanced with second row seats that can fold up for additional cargo capacity. Optional 24-way power adjustments are available for the front seats, including three memory settings and massage capability. Also optional is a 23 speaker Klipsch Reference Premiere audio system.
The REV cabin features a central 14.5 inch touchscreen, 12.3 inch digital instrument display, and a 10.25 inch digital screen mounted in front of the passenger seat. These screens utilize the automaker’s Uconnect 5 system that allows access to eight EV-specific functions across all screens, and entertainment functionality for the passenger screen. The REV also features a configurable head-up display capable of showing an array of selected information beyond vehicle speed, such as turn-by-turn navigation, speed limit, Lane Departure, Lane Keep Assist, and adaptive cruise control. A Uconnect 5 mobile app supports remote start and touchless door lock/unlock functions.
Showcasing many industry-leading specs and visionary style, the RAM 1500 REV is shaping up to be a model in demand when sales begin in advance of its likely arrival at dealers toward the end of 2024. Of course, RAM will continue offering its popular gas-powered pickups to a willing market even as it dives ever deeper into electrification. In the meantime, the 2025 REV shows us that RAM aims to be a serious contender in the electric pickup truck competition.
Rather than following the industry’s massive trend toward models powered exclusively by batteries, Toyota is confident there’s a better way forward. Its strategy is to optimize the use and environmental impact of batteries by offering a diversity of electrified vehicles consumers will actually buy and drive in great numbers, thus leveraging the potential for carbon reduction. This clearly plays to the automaker’s strength: hybrids and plug-in hybrids. There’s the all-electric Toyota bZ4X, of course, and other battery electric Toyota models to come. Just don’t expect that’s all the world’s largest automaker will be offering in the short term.
Enter the 2023 Toyota Crown sedan, this automaker’s newest hybrid. Toyota’s all-new Crown is somewhat of a milestone since so many automakers are killing off their sedans in favor of uber-popular crossover SUVs. In many cases, those crossovers are less SUV than mildly oversized hatchback, but that’s the auto industry for you. The Crown is a sophisticated looking sedan that doesn’t pretend to be something it is not, though it does offer a few twists.
The Crown has an interesting history, first debuting in 1955 as Toyota’s first mass production passenger vehicle before making its way to the States three years later, distinguished as the first Japanese model here on our shores. It had a 17 year run before it was retired from Toyota’s U.S. showrooms.
Now it’s back in all new form as a full-size, four-door sedan available in XLE, Limited, and Platinum grades. While it is a sedan measuring in just a bit larger than Toyota’s popular Camry, the Crown also integrates a slightly taller roofline, thus the ‘twist.’ This taller roof flows rearward into an elegant sportback design, accented by thin blade-style rear taillights. The front features blade running lights, sharp headlights, and a distinctively imposing grille design that’s come to signify Toyota and Lexus products these days. Its sides are handsomely sculpted and accented by large alloy wheels and wheel well cladding.
Beneath the hood resides one of two available hybrids, no surprise since this a Toyota and hybrids are its game. The more efficient of the two-motor hybrid models is powered by a fourth-generation, 2.5-liter Toyota Hybrid System (THS) that Toyota says should net an estimated 38 combined mpg. It connects to an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission.
Those looking for higher performance may opt for the Platinum grade, which comes standard with a 2.4-liter turbocharged HYBRID MAX powerplant, the first application of this more powerful Toyota hybrid system in a sedan. Delivering power to the road through a direct shift six-speed automatic transmission, the HYBRID MAX boasts 340 horsepower for spirited performance and offers a Toyota-estimated 28 combined mpg. All grades come with electronic on-demand all-wheel drive. A plug-in hybrid variant is said to be coming but details are not yet available.
The Crown’s cabin is designed to deliver a premium feel, featuring nicely bolstered front seats with 8-way power adjustment, intelligent controls, and wireless Qi charging with an array of readily accessible ports to accommodate today’s electronic devices. A Multi Information Display ahead of the driver provides the usual instrumentation along with selectable functions, including hybrid information that coaches eco-driving for netting maximum efficiency. In addition, a 12.3-inch center Toyota Audio Multimedia display features Apple CarPlay and Android Auto integration and is audio and touch capable.
Upholstery is either Softex and black woven fabric or leather, depending on grade. A panoramic moonroof standard on Platinum and Limited grades lends an additional feel of openness to the cabin. LED ambient lighting adds to the interior’s ambiance and upscale feel. Significant effort has been devoted to creating a relaxed and quiet cabin environment through extensive placement of sound-deadening materials throughout plus the use of acoustic glass.
Toyota Safety Sense 3.0 is standard across all grades to enhance safety on the road. This includes such desired features as pre-collision with pedestrian detection, dynamic radar cruise control, lane departure alert with steering assist, blind spot monitor, and rear cross traffic alert. Other assist features such as automatic high beams, road sign assist, rear seat passenger reminder, and hill start assist control are also standard fare for all versions of the Crown. Those stepping up to the Platinum trim level also get Toyota’s advanced park system that identifies available parking spots and allows automated parallel and reverse/forward perpendicular parking.
Toyota’s Crown is a timely addition to this automaker’s lineup, giving fans of the brand a new, more exciting sedan option just as the more conservative Avalon sedan is heading off into the sunset. Pricing has not yet been announced but we figure the Crown will start somewhere in the neighborhood of the low $40,000s. We also expect this new model to be a hit for Toyota, serving the automaker well as it hones its hybrid and plug-in hybrid strategy while continuing to evolve its future electrified product line.
The Hyundai Tucson has long been a popular choice for those desiring the functionality of a crossover SUV at a reasonable price. Making the case even stronger now is an expanded list of Tucson offerings highlighted by plug-in hybrid and enthusiast-oriented N Line models that have joined the line’s gas-powered and electric hybrid variants.
Conventionally-powered Tucsons are equipped with a 2.5-liter engine delivering 180 hp and 195 lb-ft torque, delivering 26 city/33 highway mpg. PHEV and hybrid Tucson models share a 1.6-liter, turbocharged and direct-injected inline four-cylinder gas engine. These are equipped with Hyundai’s Continuously Variable Valve Duration technology that optimizes valve opening duration to improve power, efficiency, and emissions. The hybrid gets a 59 horsepower electric motor and 1.5 kWh lithium-ion battery that brings 226 total system horsepower and up to 38 city/38 highway mpg.
With the addition of the plug-in hybrid’s 90 hp electric motor and a larger 13.8 kWh lithium-ion battery, total system horsepower increases to 261 hp and 258 lb-ft torque. EPA rates the Tucson PHEV’s electric-only range at 33 miles and fuel economy at 80 MPGe, with a 35 mpg combined city/highway mpg rating running on gasoline. Hyundai says the model’s onboard 7.2 kW charger will allow charging the battery in less than two hours when connected to a 220-volt Level 2 charger.
The remainder of the Tucson PHEV’s drivetrain consists of a six-speed automatic transmission with steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters and a standard HTRAC AWD system with selectable drive modes. All Tucson models, including the PHEV, have a maximum tow rating of 2,000 pounds. The PHEV’s curb weight is a few hundred pounds higher than the conventional and hybrid models, so its payload capacity is commensurately less, rated at 1,012 pounds for SEL models and 1,166 pounds for Limited versions.
A higher level of driving dynamics is delivered to match the Tucson’s sporty new exterior design. The AWD PHEV and hybrid models are built with Hyundai’s e-handling technology that, under certain road conditions and driving inputs, applies an incremental amount of electric motor torque to the wheels. This enables the e-handling system to affect vehicle weight transfer – and therefore the tire’s contact patch – to improve cornering.
Tucson models are equipped with a number of safety technologies as part of Hyundai’s SmartSense Safety Feature suite. Standard safety features on both the SEL and Limited models of the Tucson PHEV include Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist, Blind-Spot Collision-Avoidance Assist, Lane-Keeping Assist, Driver-Attention Warning, and Rear Cross-Traffic Collision-Avoidance Assist. Limited models add such features as blind-view and surround-view monitors and Remote Smart Parking Assist.
The Tucson PHEV’s interior amenities vary depending on model. Both SEL and Limited are equipped with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto capabilities and have USB charging points for front and rear passengers. Stepping up to the Limited adds a 10.25-inch digital instrument cluster and 10.25-inch color touchscreen (SEL has an 8-inch screen), a Bose premium sound system, and wireless device charging.
Prices start at $25,800 for the standard 2.5-liter powered Tucson with the hybrid coming in at $29,750 and the plug-in hybrid $35,400.
Green Car Journal’s Green Car Awards, the annual awards program honoring the year’s most standout new ‘green’ models, was presented at the Virtual Greenbuild Conference + Expo in November this year. The 2021 virtual awards program was an innovation during an unusual year, amid the postponement and cancellation of international auto shows where the Green Car Awards typically take place.
Over the years, these high-profile awards have grown along with the expanding field of ‘green’ cars on the road. They now recognize not only the magazine’s signature Green Car of the Year, but also exceptional models that speak to families, city dwellers, luxury buyers, pickup enthusiasts, and those requiring the functionality of an SUV. All provide the traditional touchstones of safety, quality, value, style, and performance, plus that fun-to-drive quality important to most drivers. What they add are greater efficiency, lower carbon and tailpipe emissions, petroleum reduction or displacement, or operation on battery electric power.
GREEN CAR OF THE YEAR
This year’s candidates for 2021 Green Car of the Year reflect the auto industry’s transition toward electrification, even as it continues to make internal combustion ever-more efficient. Three of this year’s finalists, the Mustang Mach-E, MINI Cooper SE, and Volkswagen ID.4, drive exclusively on zero-emission battery power. The BMW 330e is a plug-in hybrid that drives up to 23 miles on battery power and hundreds more as a hybrid. The Hyundai Elantra is offered with either an efficient gasoline engine or a gas-electric hybrid achieving up to 50 miles per gallon.
Rising to the top of the field is Green Car Journal’s 2021 Green Car of the Year, Ford’s all-new Mustang Mach-E, a model that boasts an instantly-recognizable name and heritage, while breaking new ground as an all-electric crossover featuring up to 300 miles of range. Performance is part of the package, as is unmistakable style and all the latest advanced electronics.
The 2021 Green Car of the Year® is selected by a highly-respected jury comprised of energy and environmental leaders including Mindy Lubber, president of CERES; Jean-Michel Cousteau, president of Ocean Futures Society; Dr. Alan Lloyd, president emeritus of the International Council on Clean Transportation and senior research fellow at the Energy Institute, University of Texas at Austin; Clay Nesler, interim president of the Alliance to Save Energy; and Matt Petersen, president and CEO of Los Angeles Cleantech Incubator and advisory board chair of Climate Mayors. Rounding out the Green Car of the Year jury is celebrity auto enthusiast Jay Leno and Green Car Journal editors .
LUXURY GREEN CAR OF THE YEAR
At a more premium price point, 2021 Luxury Green Car of the Year finalists also illustrate the momentum achieved by electric drive in the new car vehicle field. Four of these premium vehicles are all-electric models – the Audi e-tron Sportback, Polestar 2, Tesla Model Y, and Volvo XC40 Recharge. The fifth, the Lincoln Corsair Grand Touring, is the plug-in hybrid variant of Lincoln’s Corsair compact crossover that combines gas-electric hybrid and all-electric driving.
Honored as this year’s Luxury Green Car of the Year is the Polestar 2, a groundbreaking model from Polestar on many levels. This all-new premium vehicle is only the second of this new auto brand’s model offerings, and the first to be all-electric. This zero-emission, two-door fastback looks to the future even as it foregoes futuristic styling, instead choosing to offer an understated yet elegant and sophisticated design, tasteful appointments, and a nearly 300 mile range on battery power.
URBAN GREEN CAR OF THE YEAR
Urban environments pose their own unique challenges – tight spaces, often crowded streets, and hard-to-find parking. Here, smaller vehicles with a compact physical footprint and easy maneuverability are always top choices. The 2021 Urban Green Car of the Year award recognizes vehicles especially well-suited for life in the city. Top choices for this year’s award are the Hyundai Venue, Kia Seltos, Kia Soul, MINI Cooper SE, and Nissan Versa. Four are conventionally-powered – three of them crossover SUVs and one a compact sedan – with the fourth, the MINI Cooper SE, an all-electric crossover.
Taking top honors for 2021 Urban Green Car of the Year is the all-electric MINI Cooper SE. Standing out as an ideal vehicle for the city, the Cooper SE is compact in stature and big on features. Its represents what this brand all about: An iconic look, great maneuverability, and driving fun wrapped in a small package. Plus, electric power means zero localized emissions and no trips venturing out to the gas station in a crowded urban environment.
FAMILY GREEN CAR OF THE YEAR
While any model can serve family duty, those offering extra versatility and thoughtful family-friendly features are high on many shopping lists. Today, driving ‘green’ has also become a priority. Minivans have always been a solid choice, but these days three-row crossover SUVs can also do the job as family hauler. Finalists for 2021 Family Green Car of the Year are the Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid, Honda Odyssey, Kia Sorrento Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, and Toyota Sienna. The Kia Sorrento Hybrid and Toyota Highlander Hybrid crossovers drive on efficient hybrid power. Honda’s Odyssey minivan features an efficient V-6 with variable cylinder management. The Toyota Sierra is exclusively a hybrid-powered minivan, while the Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid minivan also offers plug-in hybrid power.
Standing out as Family Green Car of the Year is the Toyota Sienna, a minivan that seeks to set the standard for modern family haulers. The stylish and fuel-efficient Sienna offers premium sedan-like style, admirable hybrid fuel efficiency, and a thoughtful blend of family-desired features along with driver-centric characteristics not always associated with minivans. It shows Toyota’s keen grasp of how to make a modern minivan that not only serves up family functionality, but also premium car style and appeal.
GREEN SUV OF THE YEAR
The hottest segment in the automotive field today is the SUV, either full-size or compact, traditional or crossover, two-row or three, conventional, hybrid, or plug-in. There are no shortage of choices, which makes narrowing the field to five outstanding finalists no small challenge. The top five finalists emerging this year for Green SUV of the Year are the Audi Q5 55 TFSI e, BMW X3 xDrive 30e, Jeep Wrangler 4xe, Toyota RAV4 Prime, and Toyota Venza. Four of these –from Audi, BMW, Jeep, and Toyota – are plug-in hybrids with an all-electric driving range from 18 to 42 miles, and additional hundreds of miles on hybrid power. Toyota’s Venza is an all-wheel drive, tech-rich hybrid with exceptional fuel efficiency.
Taking top honors for the 2021 Green SUV of the Year title is the Jeep Wrangler 4xe, an SUV that’s different in many ways from others in its class. To some, it’s an SUV in the traditional sense with high functionality and loads of versatility that’s perfect for the diversity of everyday life. But to others, it’s that, plus a means of escape, heading toward the city one day and then driving the path less taken on another, a path often rough, unpaved, and pointed towards adventure.
GREEN TRUCK OF THE YEAR
This year’s Green Truck of the Year finalists embody all the workhorse capabilities expected of a modern pickup while offering passenger car-like comfort, advanced on-board electronics, and levels of fuel efficiency unheard of in pickups of just a decade ago. Pickups honored as finalists for Green Truck of the Year are the Chevrolet Colorado, Chevrolet Silverado, Ford F-150, Jeep Gladiator EcoDiesel, and RAM 1500. All offer diverse powertrain choices, from gasoline and diesel internal combustion to variations of mild- and full-hybrid power.
Powering its way to well-deserved recognition as 2021 Green Truck of the Year is the Ford F-150, a pickup long distinguished as the best-selling model in the nation and a champion of innovation. Beyond its wide array of configurations, powertrain choices, payload capacities, and towing capabilities, it now adds such innovations as an efficient PowerBoost hybrid powerplant, fold-flat ‘sleeper’ seats, and an available Pro Power Onboard output system with outlets that allow the truck to function as a mobile generator at worksites or campsites.
The Green Car Awards™ program, presented annually since 2005, is an important part of Green Car Journal's mission to showcase environmental progress in the automotive field.
The driving range of electric vehicles is becoming less of an issue as they surpass 200 miles or greater, approaching the distance between fill-ups of some internal combustion engine vehicles…or maybe the bladder capacity of their drivers. However, the time it takes to recharge an EV is still a negative attribute.
Generally, EVs charge at a fairly slow rate. A 240-volt Level 2 home or public charger will charge a Chevy Bolt from depleted to full in about 4 1/2 hours, providing a range of about 238 miles. That’s a far cry from 5 minutes to fill a gas tank. It’s significantly slower when charging a Bolt with a Level 1 charger using a household’s standard 120-volt power since this adds only about 4 miles an hour!
Of course, charging companies and automakers are working together to expand the small-but-growing network of fast chargers in key areas of the country, allowing EVs to gain up to 90 miles of charge in around 30 minutes. Tesla claims that its Supercharger stations being upgraded to Version 3 can charge a Tesla Model 3 Long Range at the rate of about 15 miles a minute, or 225 miles in just over 15 minutes under best conditions.
If current technology EVs become popular for mid- to long-range travel, gasoline stations, truck stops, and public charging stations equipped with Level 2 and even somewhat faster chargers run the very real risk of becoming parking lots.
When it comes to charging EVs, charging times come down to kilowatts available. The best Tesla V3 charger is rated at 250 kilowatts peak charge rate. Now, much research is being done here and in other countries on what is called Extreme Fast Charging (XFC) involving charge rates of 350-400 kilowatts or more. The U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring several projects aimed at reducing battery pack costs, increasing range, and reducing charging times.
There are several challenges for XFCs. First, when lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are fast charged, they can deteriorate and overheat. Tesla already limits the number of fast charges by its standard Superchargers because of battery degradation, and that’s only at 120-150 kilowatts. Also, when kilowatt charging rates increase voltage and/or amperage increases, which can have a detrimental effect on cables and electronics.
This begs the question: Is the current electrical infrastructure capable of supporting widespread use of EVs? Then, the larger question is whether the infrastructure is capable of handling XFC with charging rates of 350 kilowatts or more. This is most critical in urban areas with large numbers of EVs and in rural areas with limited electric infrastructure.
The answer is no. Modern grid infrastructures are not designed to supply electricity at a 350+ kilowatt rate, so costly grid upgrades would be required. Additionally, communities would be disrupted when new cables and substations have to be installed. There would be a need for costly and time-consuming environmental studies.
One approach being is XFC technology being developed by Zap&Go in the UK and Charlotte, North Carolina. The heart of Zap&Go's XFC is carbon-ion (C-Ion) energy storage cells using nanostructured carbons and ionic liquid-based electrolytes. C-Ion cells provide higher energy densities than conventional supercapacitors with charging rates 10 times faster than current superchargers. Supercapacitors and superchargers are several technologies being considered for XFCs.
According to Zap&Go, the C-Ion cells do not overheat and since they do not use lithium, cobalt, or any materials that can catch fire, there is no fire danger. Plus, they can be recycled at the end of their life, which is about 30 years. Zap&Go's business model would use its chargers to store electric energy at night and at off-peak times, so the current grid could still be used. Electrical energy would be stored in underground reservoirs similar to how gasoline and diesel fuels are now stored at filling stations. EVs would then be charged from the stored energy, not directly from the grid, in about the same time it takes to refuel with gasoline.
The fastest charging would work best if C-Ion cell batteries are installed in an EV, replacing Li-ion batteries. EVs with Li-ion batteries could also be charged, but not as quickly. Alternatively, on-board XFC cells could be charged in about five minutes, then they would charge an EV’s Li-ion batteries at a slower rate while the vehicle is driven, thereby preserving the life of the Li-ion battery. The downside is that this would add weight, consume more room, and add complexity. Zap&Go plans to set up a network of 500 ultrafast-charge charging points at filling stations across the UK.
General Motors is partnering with Delta Electronics, DOE, and others to develop XFSs using solid-state transformer technology. Providing up to 400 kilowatts of power, the system would let properly equipped electric vehicles add 180 miles of range in about 10 minutes. Since the average American drives less than 30 miles a day, a single charge could provide a week’s worth of driving.
The extreme charging time issue might be partly solved by something already available: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). As governments around the world consider banning or restricting new gasoline vehicles in favor of electric vehicles, they should not exclude PHEVs. Perhaps PHEVs could be designed so their internal combustion engines could not operate until their batteries were depleted, or their navigation system determines where they could legally operate on electric or combustion power.
The Kona, Hyundai’s newest and smallest crossover, serves up a pleasing design and welcome functionality. It is offered with a choice two gasoline engines that net up to 33 highway mpg, and also as a battery electric vehicle.
Styling cues are a bit different on the Kona Electric, but subtle except for its distinctive closed grille. Silver side sills, unique 17-inch alloy wheels, and badging also differentiate the electric variant. Kona Electric sales are initially being focused on California and select states that have adopted California’s Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program.
The Kona is available in three trim levels – SEL, Limited, and Ultimate. Kona SE and SEL models are powered by a 147-horsepower, 2.0-liter four-cylinder coupled to a six-speed automatic transmission. This combo achieves an EPA rating of 28 city/32 highway mpg. Kona Limited and Ultimate trim levels are powered by a 175-horsepower, turbocharged 1.6-liter four-cylinder with a seven-speed, dual-clutch automatic transmission. Here, EPA numbers are 27 city/33 highway mpg. Front-wheel drive is standard with all-wheel drive an option for both powerplants.
Powering the Kona Electric is a 201 horsepower, permanent-magnet electric motor driving the front wheels. Energy is provided by a 64 kWh lithium-ion polymer battery that delivers an impressive EPA estimated 258 mile range. Offshore markets also get a base electric version with a smaller 39.2 kWh battery that’s good for about 186 miles, but that configuration is not offered in North America. The Kona Electric earns a combined EPA efficiency rating of 120 MPGe. Acceleration is quite good with a 0-60 mph sprint taking 7.6 seconds. Kona Electric’s top speed is electronically limited at 104 mph.
When connected to a fast-charge 10 kW Combined Charging System, the battery pack can be recharged from a depleted state in about 54 minutes. It takes 75 minutes to recharge with a more common 50 kW CCS fast-charge system. With more readily-available Level 2 (240-volt AC) public or home charging and the Kona’s onboard 7.2 kW charger, replenishing a depleted battery takes about 10 hours. The charge port is located in the front fascia just below the driver’s side headlight.
There are a host of driver assist features available. Hyundai SmartSense safety technologies standard on all trim levels include Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist, Driver Attention Warning, and Lane Keeping Assist. Optionally available are Rear Cross-Traffic Collision Avoidance Assist, Blind Spot Collision Warning, High Beam Assist, Rear View Monitor, and Smart Cruise Control.
The gasoline-powered Kona has an MSRP of $19,990, while the Kona Electric is offered at a base price of $36,450.
Part of Honda’s Clarity triple-play – along with the hydrogen-powered Clarity Fuel Cell and more mainstream Clarity Plug-In Hybrid – the Clarity Electric is a model that clearly cuts its own path.
It does not aim to be part of the ‘200 mile club,’ the latest generation of uber-electrics that claim a battery electric driving range greater than 200 miles between charges. It also does not cultivate efficiencies through a compact form designed to eke the most from every electron. Nor is it exceptionally lightweight, another common nod to the need for making the most of the battery power carried on board. In fact, there is little about the Clarity Electric that makes us think of other all-electric vehicles…save for the fact that it runs exclusively on zero-emission battery power, of course. This mid-size, five-passenger battery electric vehicle aims to be in a league of its own.
First of all, let’s discuss driving range, which is EPA rated at 89 miles between charges while delivering a combined 114 MPGe (miles-per-gallon equivalent). Yes, that’s more limiting than that of the 200+ mile club, but there’s a reason. Honda designed the Clarity Electric with the needs of commuters in mind…those who want their daily drive to be in a highly-efficient, zero-emission electric car with a sophisticated look and premium feel. And they designed it so it was significantly more affordable than premium competitors offering higher-end electric models with features similar to those of the Clarity. Currently, the Clarity Electric is offered at a $199 monthly lease in California and Oregon where this battery-powered model is available.
Honda figures that an approach focused on commuters is a sweet spot for the Clarity Electric. Its range fits the needs of most commutes and its price is certainly justifiable for a commuter car, and a luxurious one at that, with fuel costs substantially less than conventionally-powered models. Plus, most households have two cars at their disposal, sometimes more. Having a Clarity Electric as a primary commuter car with a conventional gasoline or hybrid vehicle also in a household’s stable covers all bases.
Honda gave a lot of thought to the cabin design with welcome touches throughout. We especially like the ‘floating’ design of the center console with its array of integrated controls and flat storage tray beneath, with 12-volt and USB outlets. The dash features a handsome suede-like material and an 8-inch touchscreen display elegantly integrated into the dash. Deep cupholders feature flip-up stays for holding smaller drinks. Side door pockets are large enough to accommodate water bottles. The trunk offers plenty of room and is illuminated when the trunk lid is remotely or manually unlatched. At night this allows you to immediately note what’s inside through the trunk lid’s clear back panel before opening…something we’ve really come to appreciate over time.
Driving the Clarity Electric is a satisfying experience, with this sedan both well-mannered and responsive. Power is delivered by a 161 horsepower electric motor energized by a 25.5 kWh lithium-ion battery that can be charged in about three hours with a 240 volt charger, or in as little as 30 minutes with a public DC fast-charge system to an 80 percent state-of-charge. While its primary job may well be to handle everyday driving needs and negotiate traffic, it also delivers plenty of fun on twisty canyon roads with flat cornering and confident steering. It’s quick, like almost all electrics are because of instant torque delivered at launch, providing very satisfying acceleration.
Also appreciated is the Clarity’s handy Apple CarPlay integration and its Honda Sensing suite of driver-assist technologies. Among these are important features like adaptive cruise control with low-speed follow, forward collision warning, collision mitigation braking, lane departure warning, and road departure mitigation.
The Clarity Electric has served us well on our daily drives over the course of Green Car Journal’s ongoing long-term test. Its use supports what Honda envisioned for this efficient electric car. It has been ideal for around-town duty, area trips within its range, and daily commutes. Its thoughtful and sophisticated – dare we say futuristic – design and very satisfying drive experience are appreciated every day we’re behind the wheel.
With the growing market acceptance of electric vehicles in the U.S. comes an unprecedented auto industry focus on delivering these vehicles to consumers. Today nearly all major auto manufacturers and a handful of boutique automakers offer a growing lineup of electrified models.
When considering the purchase of an electric vehicle, the task of home charging is second in importance only to an electric’s driving range. How long will a charge take, and how often will it be needed? The cost associated with enabling home charging is also top-of-mind since using public or workplace chargers is a plus, but nothing beats the conveniences of overnight charging at home.
There’s an affordable and easy answer to these home EV charging concerns with the AV TurboCord Dual, developed by AeroVironment and available as part of Webasto’s EV Solutions product line. TurboCord Dual presents a portable transformable solution that aims to promote convenient electric vehicle charging using the two most common electrical outlets found in homes.
AV TurboCord Dual is a portable EV charging solution enabling both 120 or significantly faster 240 volt charging as needed through a quick clip-release adapter interface. It does not require hardwired installation to facilitate dual voltage charging, but rather connects to a standard 120 volt household outlet or 240 volt outlet.
While there is much competition in the home charging segment, there’s a lot to like about the AV TurboCord for its compact size, portability, and ease of operation. TurboCord Dual will look familiar to anyone who has used AV public charging stations in much of the U.S. Simply open the charge port on your EV of choice, look for the pulsing light on the business end of the TurboCord, and you’re charging. When the unit stops blinking, you’re done.
TurboCord Dual delivers a great solution for battery electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles alike, either at home or on the road. A handy carrying case easily stores the charger, power cord, and chargeport connector. AV TurboCord is available online or from your local building center.
Volvo’s smallest crossover features an aggressive design that’s a bit of a departure for the automaker, even as it retains the fundamental styling cues that say ‘Volvo.’ The first model built on the automaker’s Compact Modular Architecture, the new XC40 is offered as either a T4 front-wheel drive or T5 all-wheel drive and in three trim levels. The XC40 looks deceptively small but has plenty of cargo and passenger capacity for longer trips. A plug-in hybrid and possibly an all-electric model are likely in the future.
Inside, the stylish cabin aims for an uncluttered look while still providing all the amenities SUV buyers desire. Functionality is a top priority, which the XC40 provides in intelligent ways with features like spacious door bins that accommodate a laptop or tablet, easily accessible under-seat drawers for stashing wallets or other necessities, and even a trash bin for cleaning up clutter. The front storage compartment holds a wireless charge pad for smartphones. Other welcome features include a standard 9-inch Sensus Connect touchscreen and an available panoramic sunroof that provides loads of available light.
All XC40s are powered by a 2.0-liter, turbocharged four-cylinder Drive-E engine. In the T4 this engine is rated at 187 horsepower and 221 lb-ft torque. Engine output increases to 248 horsepower and 258 lb-ft torque in the all-wheel drive T5. Both connect to an eight-speed automatic transmission. Manual gear shifts are possible with the Volvo’s shift lever or, alternatively, via steering wheel shift paddles on the R-Design model.
Standard on all XC40s are Automated Emergency Braking with Pedestrian Detection, Forward-Collision Warning, Lane-Keeping Assist with Lane-Departure Warning, Automatic High-Beam Headlamps, Driver-Attention Monitor, and Traffic-Sign Detection. A self-parking feature, front and rear parking sensors, and Blind-Spot Monitoring with Rear Cross-Traffic Alert can be added as part of the Vision package.
Volvo offers Pilot Assist as a part of a Premium package. This is essentially adaptive cruise control with a semi-autonomous driving mode. It keeps the XC40 within its own lane and maintains a set speed and distance behind the vehicle ahead. Unlike some other near-self-driving systems, Pilot Assist requires the driver to keep his hands on the steering wheel at all times…perhaps not a surprise considering Volvo’s longstanding focus on safety.
The 2019 XC40 serves up 23 city and 33 highway mpg, at a starting cost of $33,700. Another option is Care by Volvo, an innovative subscription service that includes use of a new XC40 Momentum ($600 per month) or R-Design ($700 per month) for a maximum of 15,000 miles per year. Insurance, maintenance, and road-hazard protection are included, plus the opportunity for the lessee to upgrade to a new XC40 each year for the same all-inclusive monthly payment. A subscription lasts for 24 months.
Nissan's all-new, sixth-generation Altima has been extensively redesigned with greater refinement and efficiency, along with a more aerodynamic body boasting an impressive 0.26 drag coefficient. Distinctive styling cues include a more aggressive front facia with a V-motion grille and streamlined boomerang lights.
Inside there is a standard 7-inch driver display and a NASA-inspired zero gravity seat that enhances comfort and fights fatigue. Apple CarPlay and Android Auto come standard. Every 2019 Altima also comes equipped with a standard 8-inch multi-touch color display, Bluetooth hands-free phone system, streaming audio via Bluetooth, hands-free text messaging assistant, and Siri eyes free voice recognition. Some remote features are also accessible through NissanConnect Services’ Amazon Alexa Skill and Google Assistant Action.
Power is provided by a naturally aspirated, 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine producing 188 horsepower. There’s also an all-new, 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine with 248 horsepower on tap. The world’s first production variable compression engine, this 2.0-liter powerplant enables compression ratio to adjust from 8:1 to 14:1 by continuously raising or lowering piston reach for performance or greater efficiency. Both engines connect to an Xtronic continuously variable transmission. Paddle shifters are available with the SR grade.
Every 2.5-liter Altima is now available with Intelligent All-Wheel Drive with a 50:50 torque split in most situations, a first for a Nissan sedan and something that remains a relative rarity in this segment. Front-wheel drive 2.5-liter models are rated at 28 city/39 highway mpg.
Unique in the class, Nissan’s ProPILOT Assist helps drivers stay centered in the lane, navigate stop-and-go traffic, maintain a set vehicle speed, and maintain a set distance to the vehicle ahead. To activate the system, a driver simply pushes the blue ProPILOT Assist ON button, then sets the Intelligent Cruise Control when the desired speed is reached, similar to a conventional advanced cruise control system. It uses a forward-facing camera, forward-facing radar, sensors, and an electronic control module.
Along with ProPILOT Assist, also new for 2019 is Rear Automatic Braking that helps a driver by detecting and warning of objects while backing up, and if necessary applying brakes to help avoid a collision. Other safety and convenience features include standard Automatic Emergency Braking, Intelligent Forward Collision Warning, and Intelligent Driver Alertness 3 on all grades.
Intelligent Around View Monitor is standard on the Altima Platinum. Safety Shield 360 includes Automatic Emergency Braking with Pedestrian Detection, Rear Automatic Braking, Lane Departure Warning, radar-based Blind Spot Warning, Rear Cross Traffic Alert, and High Beam Assist (HBA). A new Traffic Sign Recognition system provides the most recent speed limit information.
The 2019 Nissan Altima offers a base cost of $23,900, a point of entry approachable for a great many buyers seeking a fun-do-drive, stylish vehicle offering laudable fuel efficiency and some of the most advanced technology available in its class.
Our drive of the 2019 Lexus ES 300h, the hybrid variant of this automaker’s all-new, seventh-generation ES sedan, was accommodating as expected from this luxury brand with welcome performance. During our drives we found turn-in sharp and precise. Considering front-to-rear weight distribution is heavy over the front wheels, the suspension compensates well and the car feels well-balanced.
Built on Lexus’ new Global Architecture-K platform, the ES enjoys a 2.6-inch increase in length, 1.8-inch increase in width, and wider front and rear tracks compared to the model it replaces. It also offers a two-inch longer wheelbase at 113 inches and a more spacious rear compartment.
The luxury sedan’s most striking angle is its profile that shows low hood and roof lines. From the front it’s the automaker’s unmistakable spindle grill that dominates, enhanced by slim L-shaped LED projector headlights.
The ES 300h layout is front engine, front wheel drive with power derived from a 2.5-liter 4-cylinder engine, plus an electric motor mated to an all new hybrid transaxle. This delivers 215 total system horsepower. A six-speed automatic transmission with paddle shifters is electronically controlled and continuously variable.
Powering the electric motor is a nickel-metal-hydride battery that's more power dense and compact than its predecessor, allowing it to be relocated from the trunk to beneath the rear seat, thus adding welcome trunk space. This fourth-generation Hybrid Drive System enables accelerating from 0-60 mph in 8.1 seconds and provides a nearly 600-mile driving range, plus excellent combined 44 mpg fuel economy.
Inside is a well-appointed cabin that’s tranquil and free of exterior noise. New suction-type ventilated cooling seats kept us as comfortable and entertained as any in the new movie theaters. There are lots of choices for interior personalization with three color schemes available, four trims, and three material options for the seats. The car’s standard audio has 10 speakers, and to please audiophiles there’s the optional Mark Levinson audio with 1800 watts and 17 speakers.
Of course, the ES 300h offers all the latest driver assistance systems plus an array of convenience features like Apple CarPlay, and it will be Amazon Alexa-enabled for Android phones and iPhones. Outstanding fuel consumption, a striking design, and first-class amenities make the new Lexus ES 300h a real contender for today’s premium car buyers.
The price of entry for the conventionally powered 2019 Lexus ES is $39,500, with the ES 300h hybrid just $1,810 more at $41,310.
Our drive of the new generation 2018 Nissan LEAF quickly reinforced this is a whole-new animal, a new generation of the venerable electric car intended to capture the imagination and, not coincidentally, market share in the increasingly competitive electric vehicle field.
We have history with the LEAF. Green Car Journal first experienced the original LEAF’s capabilities in a technology demonstrator designed to share what Nissan had in mind for its groundbreaking, soon-to-come production electric vehicle. At Nissan’s behest, we tested the automaker’s LEAF-destined electric drivetrain in its EV-12 test mule back in 2009 at Nissan’s global headquarters in Yokohama, Japan. We later witnessed the LEAF’s unveiling, clearly showing Nissan’s willingness to push the envelope for electric cars with an edgy design.
We were impressed. So much so, in fact, that Green Car Journal honored the LEAF with the magazine’s 2010 Green Car Vision Award™ in Washington DC, ahead of its introduction to the market. Nissan’s insight into what electric vehicle buyers desired has indeed proved visionary over the years. Testament to this is the LEAF’s standing as the world’s leading affordable, mass production EV since its launch.
The all-new generation Nissan LEAF aims to expand on this success with new styling and a 50-percent increase in driving range. It also features a full suite of Nissan Intelligent Mobility technologies. This all-electric model is more attractive with excellent aerodynamics that result in a low 0.28 drag coefficient. Improved aerodynamics not only means a quieter ride but also contributes to greater range. That’s an important consideration in electric cars with near-silent drivetrains that don’t mask outside noise.
The new Leaf features a 150-mile driving range between charges compared to the previous generation’s 100 miles. This is an important milestone that serves to overcome potential ‘range anxiety.’ Why 150 miles rather than shooting for the 200+ mile range like the Chevy Bolt EV and Tesla Model 3? It’s all about balancing price with functionality. Simply, Nissan aimed at providing an affordable price point under $30,000 for the LEAF. That meant delivering the range it figured would fit the driving needs of most drivers while keeping battery costs within reason. It’s a sound strategy.
A more powerful 40 kWh lithium-ion battery pack features improvements and revised chemistry that bring a 67 percent increase in energy density. Nissan designers have located the low-slung battery pack and other heavy components to the middle of the chassis to enhance the car’s center of gravity and handling. Fun fact: Using vehicle-to-home systems, the LEAF’s battery can store a home’s surplus solar energy while parked during the daytime and use it to help power a home in the evening.
LEAF’s electric powertrain features a 147-horsepower electric motor that’s well-suited to the model. It provides 38 percent more horsepower than the previous version with 26 greater torque for improved acceleration. Acceleration is crisp with more than enough power at the ready for all the driving situations we encountered on twisty roads and Interstates. Intelligent Ride Control delivers more precise motor torque control during cornering. This also reduces vibration while improving ride quality and steering control. Electric power steering software has been tweaked for improved steering feel. The LEAF’s steering torsion bar is also stiffer for better feedback and more linear response to steering inputs.
Nissan’s e-Pedal slows down the car via regenerative and friction braking when a driver’s foot lifts off the accelerator. This delivers electricity to the battery while essentially providing braking force without using the car’s brake pedal. It even brings the car to a complete stop. We found that driving with e-Pedal kept our LEAF tester in place while stopped on a steep hill without requiring a foot on the brake pedal. Notably, e-Pedal allows drivers to go without using the brake pedal 90 percent of the time.
LEAF’s ProPILOT cruise control conveniently maintains a constant distance to the vehicle ahead. If that vehicle stops, ProPILOT automatically applies brakes to also bring the LEAF to a full stop. It remains stopped even with your foot off the brake. Driving resumes when ProPILOT is activated with the touch of a switch or light pressure on the accelerator. The system also helps keep the LEAF centered in its lane at speeds between 19 and 62 mph. Other LEAF driver-assist technologies include Intelligent Lane Intervention, Lane Departure Warning, Intelligent Emergency Braking, Blind Spot Warning, Rear Cross Traffic Alert, and Intelligent Around View Monitor with moving object detection.
The new LEAF’s interior has a more luxurious and high-end look. Its dashboard is dominated by a seven-inch display for infotainment and the navigation system, if so equipped, plus Nissan's Safety Shield state-of-charge and power gauge. Another seven-inch screen faces the driver in place of conventional dials. Apple CarPlay and Android Auto are included on LEAFs with the higher-spec infotainment/navigation system.
Today’s electric car market is different than that of the past. There are more choices in a growing number of vehicle classes and this makes it tougher for automakers to compete. Nissan aims to not only compete in the electric car field but dominate globally as it has in recent years.
The LEAF’s status as a true world car is underscored by widespread availability like the previous-generation LEAF. It’s also reinforced by Nissan’s global manufacturing capabilities with assembly plants in Japan, England, and in Smyrna, Tennessee. Offering the all-new LEAF at a base price of $29,990 here in the U.S. is a strategy that should bode well for Nissan in today’s increasingly competitive electric vehicle market.
